Введение
Мученики и святые в раннем христианстве
The Four Crowned Martyrs or Four Holy Crowned Ones (Latin, Sancti Quatuor Coronati) were nine individuals who are venerated as martyrs and saints of Early Christianity. The nine saints are divided into two groups:
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus (Carpoforus), Victorinus (Victorius, Vittorinus)
Claudius, Castorius, Symphorian (Simpronian), Nicostratus, and Simplicius'According to the Golden Legend, the names of the members of the first group were not known at the time of their death "but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had passed." They were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown ("crown" referring to the crown of martyrdom). First group
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus, and Victorinus were martyred at Rome or Castra Albana, according to Christian tradition. According to the Passion of Saint Sebastian, the four saints were soldiers (specifically cornicularii, or clerks, in charge of all the regiment's records and paperwork) who refused to sacrifice to Aesculapius, and therefore were killed by order of Emperor Diocletian (284–305), two years after the death of the five sculptors, mentioned below. The bodies of the martyrs were buried in the cemetery of Santi Marcellino e Pietro on the fourth mile of the Via Labicana by Pope Miltiades and Saint Sebastian (whose skull is preserved in the church). Second group
The second group, according to Christian tradition, were sculptors from Sirmium who were killed in Pannonia. They refused to fashion a pagan statue for the Emperor Diocletian or to offer sacrifice to the Roman gods. The Emperor ordered them to be placed alive in lead coffins and thrown into the Sava River in about 287. Simplicius was killed with them.</blockquote>
The references in the text of the martyrs' passio to porphyry quarrying and masonry located at the 'porphyritic mountain' indicate that the story's setting is misplaced; there are no porphyry quarries in Pannonia and the only porphyry quarry worked in the ancient world is in Egypt. Mons Porphyrites was quarried to supply the rare and expensive imperial porphyry for the emperor's building works and statuary, for which it was exclusively set aside. Mons Porphyrites is in the Thebaid, which was a centre of Christian erimiticism in Late Antiquity. Emperor Diocletian did indeed commission the extensive use of porphyry in his many building projects. Diocletian also visited the Thebaid during his reign, though he was more usually associated with the Balkans, which might explain why the story's location was transposed to Pannonia over time. Joint veneration
When the names of the first group were learned, it was decreed that they should be commemorated with the second group. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, however, "this report has no historic foundation. It is merely a tentative explanation of the name Quatuor Coronati, a name given to a group of really authenticated martyrs who were buried and venerated in the Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Pietro, the real origin of which, however, is not known. They were classed with the five martyrs of Pannonia in a purely external relationship." Problems arise with determining the historicity of these martyrs because one group contains five names instead of four. Alban Butler believed that the four names of group one, which the Roman Martyrology and the Breviary say were revealed as those of the Four Crowned Martyrs, were borrowed from the martyrology of the Diocese of Albano Laziale, which kept their feast on August 8, not November 8. Basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati
In the fourth and fifth centuries a basilica was erected and dedicated in honor of these martyrs on the Caelian Hill, probably in the general area where tradition located their execution. This became one of the titular churches of Rome, and was restored several times. Veneration
The Four Crowned Martyrs were venerated early in England, with Bede noting that there was a church dedicated to them in Canterbury. This veneration can perhaps be accounted by the fact that Augustine of Canterbury came from a monastery near the Basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati in Rome, or because their relics were sent from Rome to England in 601. The Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum
The translation of the Four Crowned Martyrs to the church on the Caelian Hill is recorded in the Liber Pontificalis of Pope Leo IV (847–855). The main biographical source is the Latin Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum'' (Passion of the Four Crowned Martyrs), mentioned in the martyrology of Ado of Vienne (d. 875) and then in the more concise version of Usuard (d. 876/877).
Четыре коронованных мученика, или Четыре святых коронованных (лат. Sancti Quatuor Coronati) – девять человек, почитаемых как мученики и святые раннего христианства. Девять святых разделены на две группы:
The Four Crowned Martyrs or Four Holy Crowned Ones (Latin, Sancti Quatuor Coronati) were nine individuals who are venerated as martyrs and saints of Early Christianity. The nine saints are divided into two groups:
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus (Carpoforus), Victorinus (Victorius, Vittorinus)
Claudius, Castorius, Symphorian (Simpronian), Nicostratus, and Simplicius'According to the Golden Legend, the names of the members of the first group were not known at the time of their death "but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had passed." They were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown ("crown" referring to the crown of martyrdom). First group
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus, and Victorinus were martyred at Rome or Castra Albana, according to Christian tradition. According to the Passion of Saint Sebastian, the four saints were soldiers (specifically cornicularii, or clerks, in charge of all the regiment's records and paperwork) who refused to sacrifice to Aesculapius, and therefore were killed by order of Emperor Diocletian (284–305), two years after the death of the five sculptors, mentioned below. The bodies of the martyrs were buried in the cemetery of Santi Marcellino e Pietro on the fourth mile of the Via Labicana by Pope Miltiades and Saint Sebastian (whose skull is preserved in the church). Second group
The second group, according to Christian tradition, were sculptors from Sirmium who were killed in Pannonia. They refused to fashion a pagan statue for the Emperor Diocletian or to offer sacrifice to the Roman gods. The Emperor ordered them to be placed alive in lead coffins and thrown into the Sava River in about 287. Simplicius was killed with them.</blockquote>
The references in the text of the martyrs' passio to porphyry quarrying and masonry located at the 'porphyritic mountain' indicate that the story's setting is misplaced; there are no porphyry quarries in Pannonia and the only porphyry quarry worked in the ancient world is in Egypt. Mons Porphyrites was quarried to supply the rare and expensive imperial porphyry for the emperor's building works and statuary, for which it was exclusively set aside. Mons Porphyrites is in the Thebaid, which was a centre of Christian erimiticism in Late Antiquity. Emperor Diocletian did indeed commission the extensive use of porphyry in his many building projects. Diocletian also visited the Thebaid during his reign, though he was more usually associated with the Balkans, which might explain why the story's location was transposed to Pannonia over time. Joint veneration
When the names of the first group were learned, it was decreed that they should be commemorated with the second group. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, however, "this report has no historic foundation. It is merely a tentative explanation of the name Quatuor Coronati, a name given to a group of really authenticated martyrs who were buried and venerated in the Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Pietro, the real origin of which, however, is not known. They were classed with the five martyrs of Pannonia in a purely external relationship." Problems arise with determining the historicity of these martyrs because one group contains five names instead of four. Alban Butler believed that the four names of group one, which the Roman Martyrology and the Breviary say were revealed as those of the Four Crowned Martyrs, were borrowed from the martyrology of the Diocese of Albano Laziale, which kept their feast on August 8, not November 8. Basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati
In the fourth and fifth centuries a basilica was erected and dedicated in honor of these martyrs on the Caelian Hill, probably in the general area where tradition located their execution. This became one of the titular churches of Rome, and was restored several times. Veneration
The Four Crowned Martyrs were venerated early in England, with Bede noting that there was a church dedicated to them in Canterbury. This veneration can perhaps be accounted by the fact that Augustine of Canterbury came from a monastery near the Basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati in Rome, or because their relics were sent from Rome to England in 601. The Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum
The translation of the Four Crowned Martyrs to the church on the Caelian Hill is recorded in the Liber Pontificalis of Pope Leo IV (847–855). The main biographical source is the Latin Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum'' (Passion of the Four Crowned Martyrs), mentioned in the martyrology of Ado of Vienne (d. 875) and then in the more concise version of Usuard (d. 876/877).
Север (или Секундий), Северин, Карпофор, Викторин
Клавдий, Касторий, Симфориан, Никострат и Симплиций. Согласно «Золотой легенде», имена членов первой группы не были известны во время их смерти, «но были узнаны через откровение Господа спустя много лет». Их называли «Четыре коронованных мучеников», потому что их имена оставались неизвестными («корона» относится к короне мученичества). Первая группа
Север (или Секундий), Северин, Карпофор и Викторин были казнены в Риме или Кастра Альбана, согласно христианской традиции. По свидетельству «Страстей святого Себастьяна», четверо святых были солдатами (в частности, корникулариями, или писцами, отвечавшими за всю документацию и переписку полка), отказавшимися приносить жертву Эскулапу и по приказу императора Диоклетиана (284–305) подвергнутыми смерти через два года после гибели пяти скульпторов, упомянутых ниже. Тела мучеников были похоронены на кладбище Санти Марчеллино и Пьетро на четвертой миле Виа Лабикана папой Мильтиадом и святым Себастьяном (череп которого хранится в церкви). Вторая группа
Вторая группа, согласно христианской традиции, состояла из скульпторов из Сирмия, убитых в Паннонии. Они отказались изготавливать языческую статую для императора Диоклетиана или приносить жертвы римским богам. Император приказал поместить их живыми в свинцовые гробы и бросить в реку Саву около 287 года. Вместе с ними был убит Симплиций.
The Four Crowned Martyrs or Four Holy Crowned Ones (Latin, Sancti Quatuor Coronati) were nine individuals who are venerated as martyrs and saints of Early Christianity. The nine saints are divided into two groups:
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus (Carpoforus), Victorinus (Victorius, Vittorinus)
Claudius, Castorius, Symphorian (Simpronian), Nicostratus, and Simplicius'According to the Golden Legend, the names of the members of the first group were not known at the time of their death "but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had passed." They were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown ("crown" referring to the crown of martyrdom). First group
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus, and Victorinus were martyred at Rome or Castra Albana, according to Christian tradition. According to the Passion of Saint Sebastian, the four saints were soldiers (specifically cornicularii, or clerks, in charge of all the regiment's records and paperwork) who refused to sacrifice to Aesculapius, and therefore were killed by order of Emperor Diocletian (284–305), two years after the death of the five sculptors, mentioned below. The bodies of the martyrs were buried in the cemetery of Santi Marcellino e Pietro on the fourth mile of the Via Labicana by Pope Miltiades and Saint Sebastian (whose skull is preserved in the church). Second group
The second group, according to Christian tradition, were sculptors from Sirmium who were killed in Pannonia. They refused to fashion a pagan statue for the Emperor Diocletian or to offer sacrifice to the Roman gods. The Emperor ordered them to be placed alive in lead coffins and thrown into the Sava River in about 287. Simplicius was killed with them.</blockquote>
The references in the text of the martyrs' passio to porphyry quarrying and masonry located at the 'porphyritic mountain' indicate that the story's setting is misplaced; there are no porphyry quarries in Pannonia and the only porphyry quarry worked in the ancient world is in Egypt. Mons Porphyrites was quarried to supply the rare and expensive imperial porphyry for the emperor's building works and statuary, for which it was exclusively set aside. Mons Porphyrites is in the Thebaid, which was a centre of Christian erimiticism in Late Antiquity. Emperor Diocletian did indeed commission the extensive use of porphyry in his many building projects. Diocletian also visited the Thebaid during his reign, though he was more usually associated with the Balkans, which might explain why the story's location was transposed to Pannonia over time. Joint veneration
When the names of the first group were learned, it was decreed that they should be commemorated with the second group. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, however, "this report has no historic foundation. It is merely a tentative explanation of the name Quatuor Coronati, a name given to a group of really authenticated martyrs who were buried and venerated in the Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Pietro, the real origin of which, however, is not known. They were classed with the five martyrs of Pannonia in a purely external relationship." Problems arise with determining the historicity of these martyrs because one group contains five names instead of four. Alban Butler believed that the four names of group one, which the Roman Martyrology and the Breviary say were revealed as those of the Four Crowned Martyrs, were borrowed from the martyrology of the Diocese of Albano Laziale, which kept their feast on August 8, not November 8. Basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati
In the fourth and fifth centuries a basilica was erected and dedicated in honor of these martyrs on the Caelian Hill, probably in the general area where tradition located their execution. This became one of the titular churches of Rome, and was restored several times. Veneration
The Four Crowned Martyrs were venerated early in England, with Bede noting that there was a church dedicated to them in Canterbury. This veneration can perhaps be accounted by the fact that Augustine of Canterbury came from a monastery near the Basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati in Rome, or because their relics were sent from Rome to England in 601. The Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum
The translation of the Four Crowned Martyrs to the church on the Caelian Hill is recorded in the Liber Pontificalis of Pope Leo IV (847–855). The main biographical source is the Latin Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum'' (Passion of the Four Crowned Martyrs), mentioned in the martyrology of Ado of Vienne (d. 875) and then in the more concise version of Usuard (d. 876/877).
Упоминания в текстах «пассио мучеников» о добыче порфира и каменной кладке, расположенных на «порфиритовой горе», указывают на несоответствие места действия истории; в Паннонии нет порфировых карьеров, а единственный карьер, работавший в древнем мире, находится в Египте. Монс Порфири́тес разрабатывался для снабжения императорским порфиром для строительных работ и статуй императора, для чего он был исключительно предназначен. Монс Порфири́тес находится в Тебаиде, которая была центром христианского отшельничества в поздней античности. Император Диоклетиан действительно поручил широко использовать порфир в своих многочисленных строительных проектах. Диоклетиан также посетил Тебаиду во время своего правления, хотя чаще его ассоциировали с Балканами, что может объяснить, почему место действия истории со временем было перенесено в Паннонию. Совместное почитание
Когда имена первой группы стали известны, было постановлено, что их следует поминать вместе со второй группой. Однако, согласно «Католической энциклопедии», «это сообщение не имеет исторического основания. Это лишь предположительное объяснение названия Quatuor Coronati, данного группе действительно установленных мучеников, которые были похоронены и почитаемы в катакомбе святых Марцеллина и Пьетро, подлинное происхождение которой, однако, неизвестно. Они были причислены к пяти мученикам Паннонии в чисто внешней связи». Возникают проблемы с установлением историчности этих мучеников, поскольку одна группа содержит пять имен вместо четырех. Альбан Батлер полагал, что четыре имени первой группы, которые, как указано в Римском мученическом списке и Бревиарии, были названы именами Четырех коронованных мучеников, были заимствованы из мученического списка епархии Альбано-Лациале, которая отмечала их праздник 8 августа, а не 8 ноября. Базилика Санти Квартро Коронати
В IV и V веках в честь этих мучеников на Целийском холме была возведена и освящена базилика, вероятно, в районе, где по преданию произошла их казнь. Она стала одной из титульных церквей Рима и несколько раз реставрировалась. Почитание
Четыре коронованных мучеников почитались в Англии уже в ранние времена, Беда отметил, что в Кентербери была церковь, посвященная им. Это почитание, возможно, объясняется тем, что Августин Кентерберийский прибыл из монастыря возле базилики Санти Квартро Коронати в Риме, или тем, что их мощи были отправлены из Рима в Англию в 601 году. Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum
Перенесение Четырех коронованных мучеников в церковь на Целийском холме зафиксировано в Liber Pontificalis папы Льва IV (847–855). Основным биографическим источником является латинский Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum (Страсти Четырех коронованных мучеников), упомянутый в мученическом списке Адо из Вьенны (ум. 875), а затем в более краткой версии Узуарда (ум. 876/877).
The Four Crowned Martyrs or Four Holy Crowned Ones (Latin, Sancti Quatuor Coronati) were nine individuals who are venerated as martyrs and saints of Early Christianity. The nine saints are divided into two groups:
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus (Carpoforus), Victorinus (Victorius, Vittorinus)
Claudius, Castorius, Symphorian (Simpronian), Nicostratus, and Simplicius'According to the Golden Legend, the names of the members of the first group were not known at the time of their death "but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had passed." They were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown ("crown" referring to the crown of martyrdom). First group
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus, and Victorinus were martyred at Rome or Castra Albana, according to Christian tradition. According to the Passion of Saint Sebastian, the four saints were soldiers (specifically cornicularii, or clerks, in charge of all the regiment's records and paperwork) who refused to sacrifice to Aesculapius, and therefore were killed by order of Emperor Diocletian (284–305), two years after the death of the five sculptors, mentioned below. The bodies of the martyrs were buried in the cemetery of Santi Marcellino e Pietro on the fourth mile of the Via Labicana by Pope Miltiades and Saint Sebastian (whose skull is preserved in the church). Second group
The second group, according to Christian tradition, were sculptors from Sirmium who were killed in Pannonia. They refused to fashion a pagan statue for the Emperor Diocletian or to offer sacrifice to the Roman gods. The Emperor ordered them to be placed alive in lead coffins and thrown into the Sava River in about 287. Simplicius was killed with them.</blockquote>
The references in the text of the martyrs' passio to porphyry quarrying and masonry located at the 'porphyritic mountain' indicate that the story's setting is misplaced; there are no porphyry quarries in Pannonia and the only porphyry quarry worked in the ancient world is in Egypt. Mons Porphyrites was quarried to supply the rare and expensive imperial porphyry for the emperor's building works and statuary, for which it was exclusively set aside. Mons Porphyrites is in the Thebaid, which was a centre of Christian erimiticism in Late Antiquity. Emperor Diocletian did indeed commission the extensive use of porphyry in his many building projects. Diocletian also visited the Thebaid during his reign, though he was more usually associated with the Balkans, which might explain why the story's location was transposed to Pannonia over time. Joint veneration
When the names of the first group were learned, it was decreed that they should be commemorated with the second group. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, however, "this report has no historic foundation. It is merely a tentative explanation of the name Quatuor Coronati, a name given to a group of really authenticated martyrs who were buried and venerated in the Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Pietro, the real origin of which, however, is not known. They were classed with the five martyrs of Pannonia in a purely external relationship." Problems arise with determining the historicity of these martyrs because one group contains five names instead of four. Alban Butler believed that the four names of group one, which the Roman Martyrology and the Breviary say were revealed as those of the Four Crowned Martyrs, were borrowed from the martyrology of the Diocese of Albano Laziale, which kept their feast on August 8, not November 8. Basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati
In the fourth and fifth centuries a basilica was erected and dedicated in honor of these martyrs on the Caelian Hill, probably in the general area where tradition located their execution. This became one of the titular churches of Rome, and was restored several times. Veneration
The Four Crowned Martyrs were venerated early in England, with Bede noting that there was a church dedicated to them in Canterbury. This veneration can perhaps be accounted by the fact that Augustine of Canterbury came from a monastery near the Basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati in Rome, or because their relics were sent from Rome to England in 601. The Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum
The translation of the Four Crowned Martyrs to the church on the Caelian Hill is recorded in the Liber Pontificalis of Pope Leo IV (847–855). The main biographical source is the Latin Passio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum'' (Passion of the Four Crowned Martyrs), mentioned in the martyrology of Ado of Vienne (d. 875) and then in the more concise version of Usuard (d. 876/877).
Изображения
Около 1385 года их изобразил Никколо ди Пьетро Герини. Затем, примерно в 1415 году, Нанни ди Банко создал скульптурную группу мучеников по заказу Maestri di Pietra e Legname – гильдии каменщиков и деревообработчиков, членом которой он являлся. Эти святые были покровителями гильдии. Скульптура находится в Орсанмикеле, во Флоренции. Наконец, их также изобразил Филиппо Аббиати.