Вымершие виды Африки в голоцене

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This list of African species extinct in the Holocene covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present. Africa is highly biodiverse; it is the continent with the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. However, a few species have disappeared from Africa as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, Macaronesia, and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha are biogeographically distinct from mainland Africa and have a much greater number of Holocene extinctions. Recently extinct species from these regions are listed in separate articles. Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesNorth African elephantLoxodonta africana pharaoensisNorth AfricaNeolithic rock art indicates that the African bush elephant inhabited much of the Sahara desert and North Africa at the beginning of the Holocene, and Ancient authors wrote that it was present in the Atlas Mountains, the Red Sea coast, and Nubia until the first few centuries CE. It was also present in much of Egypt, except for the Sinai Peninsula, during the Late Paleolithic or early Holocene. However the validity of separate subspecies in Loxodonta africana has been called into question, including the purported North African subspecies L. a. pharaoensis. but genetic analyses show they were bush elephants. In the Roman Empire, the Maghreb and possibly Western Africa through the Garamantes became additional sources of ivory and live elephants for the circus games. The last clear mention of wild elephants in the former is a speech of the orator Themistius delivered in 370 CE,

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsEthiopian amphibious ratNilopegamys plumbeusLittle Abbai river, Northwestern EthiopiaKnown from, and described from a single specimen captured on March 20, 1927. The species is believed to be semiaquatic due to adaptations shared with aquatic rodents from South America that are not known in other African rodents. If this is correct, this is probably an extremely solitary species as similarly adapted rodents are, which increases the difficulty of detection. However the area where the original individual was captured has been also altered by extensive overgrazing by livestock, which may have caused its decline and extinction.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsMount Kenya pottoPerodicticus ibeanus stockleyiMount Kenya, KenyaKnown from a single specimen collected from montane forest in 1938.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsBalsam shrewCrocidura balsamiferaLower Nile, EgyptDescribed from mummified remains from Ancient Egypt dating to 821 171 BCE. Presumed to have been a swamp or gallery forest specialist whose natural habitat was cleared for agriculture.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesBarbary lionPopulation of the northern lion (Panthera leo leo)North AfricaLions existed throughout Egypt in ancient times. in Tunisia in 1891, in Morocco in 1942 on the Tizi N'Tichka pass of the High Atlas, and in Algeria in 1943. There was an unconfirmed sighting of a lion by the passengers of a bus in a remote wooded area of the Béni Ourtilane District of Algeria in 1956. Despite being the first subspecies named by Linnaeus in the 18th century, modern molecular studies indicate that there is not enough difference with the extant lions of India, western and central Africa to warrant separate subspecies status, and as a result the taxon P. l. leo is not extinct. Cape lionPopulation of the southern lion (Panthera leo melanochaita)South AfricaLast individual was killed in KwaZulu Natal in 1865. There was an unconfirmed recording of a leopard in Unguja in 2018.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesAtlas bearUrsus arctos crowtheriNorthern MaghrebThis subspecies was named after the second hand description of a female killed in the Rif near Tétouan in 1834 and its pelt, which is now lost. mostly in high mountains around 1200 2000 meters above sea level. mtDNA studies revealed that two highly distinct lineages of bears existed in North Africa through the Holocene: one identical to Cantabrian brown bears from Spain, and another that was basal to all European brown bears. The North African bear could have disappeared due to increased habitat fragmentation. excluding the extant subspecies E. a. africanus and E. a. somaliensis from Sudan and the Horn of Africa. Domestic donkeys have two different haplotypes, one shared with the Nubian wild ass, and another of unknown origin that is not found in the Somali wild ass. The presence of the Atlas wild ass in the Ancient world makes it a plausible source for the second haplotype. North African horseEquus algericusNorth AfricaMost recent remains dated to 4855 4733 BCE at El Harhoura 1, Morocco. North African zebraEquus mauritanicusNorth AfricaRelated to the plains zebra. Disappeared c. 4000 BCE.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesNubian wild assEquus africanus africanusNubian DesertConsidered possibly extinct as it has only been infrequently seen since it was sighted in Ethiopia's Barka Valley and Eritrea during the 1970s. The subspecies is threatened by hunting for food and traditional medicine, competition with livestock for vegetation and water, and possibly interbreeding with domestic donkeys. Some haplotypes in domestic donkeys are also found in the Nubian wild ass, either suggesting that domestic donkeys are partially descended from the Nubian wild ass, or that there has been interbreeding between Nubian wild asses and feral donkeys.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesCeratotherium mauritanicumNorthern and eastern AfricaThough more known from the Pliocene and Pleistocene, it survived into the early Holocene of Morocco and Tunisia and is commonly depicted in North African rock art hunting scenes up to the Bronze Age. It was extremely similar to the northern white rhinoceros C. simum cottoni in size, proportions, and dentition, and has been treated as its direct ancestor, a subspecies (though cottoni is now recognized as a subspecies of C. simum itself), or synonymous with it. Southern black rhinocerosDiceros bicornis bicornisSouthwestern AfricaDisappeared from the Cape Colony in the mid 19th century. The IUCN considers the south western black rhinoceros (D. b. occidentalis) from Namibia and Angola, used to re stock South Africa, to be the same subspecies. If this is followed, the taxon D. b. bicornis is not extinct. Western black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis longipesBurkina Faso to South SudanAn investigation into the last known location in Cameroon in 2006 found abundant evidence of wildlife poaching and no sign of rhinoceroses except that faked by local rhinoceros monitors. There have been no sightings or other evidence afterward.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesNorth eastern black rhinocerosDiceros bicornis bruciiHorn of Africa to eastern Sudan and Bahr el GhazalConsidered probably extinct by 2011.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesNorthern white rhinocerosCeratotherium simum cottoniUpper Chari, Ubangi, and White Nile river basinsThe last four wild animals were sighted in 2006 and the last indirect sign of their presence was detected in 2007, both under an uptick of poaching in the region. In 2009, the last four captive rhinos were moved from the Safari Park Dvůr Králové in the Czech Republic to a private reserve in Kenya, outside of the subspecies's recent range, but the two males died without breeding. The last remaining individuals are a mother and a daughter and attempts at artificial insemination have been unsuccessful.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesNorth Atlantic right whaleEubalaena glacialisNorth Atlantic and western Mediterranean SeaPossibly calved in the Mediterranean in ancient times. Probable remains were found in Roman archaeological sites at Tetouan and Ceuta dated to 180 396 and 226 440 CE, respectively, and an individual was sighted off Algiers in 1888. The species is still present sporadically in Macaronesia, where it visits and possibly calves near the Açores and Canary Islands.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesGray whaleEschrichtius robustusNorth Atlantic, Mediterranean, and northern Pacific OceanPossibly calved in the Mediterranean in ancient times. Remains were found in Tetouan dating to 71–245 CE. A vagrant from the North Pacific population was seen off the coast of Namibia in May 2013.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesMegaceroides algericusNorthern MaghrebMost recent remains dated to 4691 4059 BCE in Bizmoune, Morocco.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesPersian fallow deerDama mesopotamicaMiddle EastDeer, known as hnn in the Egyptian language, are depicted in art from the Predynastic to the Ptolemaic period, and remains of Persian fallow deer have been found in archaeological sites of the eastern Nile Delta dating mostly to the 14th 10th centuries BCE. However, the autochthonous nature of these animals is controversial, as is the presence of other deer species like red deer or chital in Ancient Egypt.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesBubal hartebeestAlcelaphus buselaphus buselaphusNorth Africa and southern LevantLast animal in Tunisia was killed in 1902 near Tataouine, in Algeria south of the Chott Ech Chergui in the 1920s, and in Morocco in Missour in 1925. The subspecies was also present in Egypt along the Nile and in the oases of the western desertBond's springbokAntidorcas bondiSouthern AfricaMost recent remains at Kruger Cave, South Africa dated to 5680 5560 BCE. North African aurochsBos primigenius mauritanicusNorth AfricaWild populations are assumed to have disappeared c. 4000 BCE, though genetic evidence suggests that North African aurochs underwent indigenous domestication near the onset of the Holocene, and that some races of African cattle are descended from it. The aurochs possibly survived for longer in Egypt, disappearing from the upper Nile in the Predynastic period but surviving in the Delta (Buto) until the Roman era. Hunting, habitat modification for agriculture, and competition with domestic cattle may have caused its decrease in numbers and ultimate disappearance. Caprinae indet. South Africa mountainsMost recent remains at Colwinton Shelter, South Africa dated to 4360 4280 BCE. The extinction coincided with changes in vegetation leading to the replacement of grazing ungulates for browsers. Giant wildebeestMegalotragus priscusSouthern and possibly eastern AfricaMost recent remains at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa dated to 6442 6210 BCE.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesMohrr gazelleNanger dama mohrrNorthwestern SaharaDisappeared from the wild in 1968, being last seen in Western Sahara. The first reintroduction program began in Senegal in 1984 and was followed by others in Morocco and Tunisia. The Tunisian project ended in failure with the death of the last animal in 2020. A reintroduction program began in Tunisia in 1985.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesArabian oryxOryx leucoryxArabian PeninsulaProbably lived in the north of Egypt's eastern desert during historical times.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesCanary Islands oystercatcherHaematopus meadewaldoiCanary Islands to the coast of SenegalLast recorded in Senegal between 1968 and 1981. Its decline was probably a result of overharvesting of intertidal invertebrates and disturbance by people, although predation by rats and cats has also been implicated.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesSlender billed curlewNumenius tenuirostrisNorth Africa and Western EurasiaThe species breeds in Central Asia (the steppes of northern Kazakhstan and southern Siberia) and winters in the Mediterranean area and south Arabia, but has declined due to intense hunting in the wintering grounds and habitat destruction in the breeding grounds. Slender billed curlews were regular visitors to Merja Zerga, Morocco until 1995. This is the second southernmost record of this species in the eastern Atlantic, after another bone from Madeira. The species became extinct globally in 1852.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesSpanish imperial eagleAquila adalbertiSouthwestern Iberia and northwestern MoroccoCould have disappeared as a breeder from Morocco before 1950, though two adult pairs were seen in Tassaoti, Oued Laou and the mouth of the Moulouya river in 1977. Vagrant juveniles still visit the northern part of the country from the Guadalquivir marshes and are sometimes killed in unprotected power lines.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsNorthern white winged apalisApalis chariessa chariessaLower Tana River, KenyaLast recorded in 1961, when the forests of Mitole were cleared.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsDu Toit's torrent frogArthroleptides dutoitiKenya Uganda borderLast recorded in 1962. It might have disappeared due to chytridiomycosis.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsOsgood's Ethiopian toadAltiphrynoides osgoodiMountains of south central EthiopiaLast recorded in 2003.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesKihansi spray toadNectophrynoides asperginisKihansi Falls, Udzungwa Mountains, TanzaniaLast recorded in the wild in 2004, with an unconfirmed report in 2005. The species declined due to drought, chytridiomycosis, pesticide use in maize agriculture, and possibly other causes. Nevertheless, thousands exist in captivity and a reintroduction program began with large numbers in 2012.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesLabeobarbus microbarbisLake Luhondo, RwandaKnown from a single individual collected c. 1937, it is presumed to have become extinct in the 1950s after the introduction of Tilapia and Haplochromis to the lake. However the validity of the species is doubtful and could be a hybrid of Barbus and Varicorhinus instead. Giant Atlas barbelLabeobarbus reiniiNorthwestern MoroccoLast recorded in 2001. The rivers it inhabited have been affected by pollution and damming, but the precise causes of extinction are poorly understood. Tunisian barbLuciobarbus antinoriiChott el Djerid, TunisiaLast collected in 1989. It could have disappeared due to excessive water substraction. Luciobarbus nasusKsob river drainage, MoroccoLast recorded in 1874. The river has been affected by pollution and damming, but the precise causes of extinction are poorly understood.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsLake Sidi Ali troutSalmo pallaryiLake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, MoroccoDisappeared in 1934 after the introduction of the Eurasian carp.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsAplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha'Lake Naivasha, KenyaDisappeared in the 1970s or 1980s due to competition with introduced fishes.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsMbashe River buffDeloneura immaculataMbhashe River, Eastern Cape, South AfricaOnly known from three individuals collected "at the end of December 1863". Morant's blueLepidochrysops hypopoliaEastern South AfricaOnly recorded in the 1870s.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesNamibcypris costataSouthern Kaokoveld, NamibiaLast recorded in 1987.