Биографическая энциклопедия науки и техники Айзека Азимова

Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology is a history of science by Isaac Asimov, written as the biographies of initially 1000 scientists and later with over 1500 entries. Organized chronologically, beginning with Imhotep (entry "[1]") and concluding with Stephen Hawking (entry "[1510]"), each biographical entry is numbered, allowing for easy cross referencing of one scientist with another. Nearly every biographical sketch contains links to other biographies. For example, the article about John Franklin Enders [1195] has the sentence "Alexander Fleming's [1077] penicillin was available thanks to the work of Howard Florey [1213] and Ernst Boris Chain [1306] . ." This allows one to quickly refer to the articles about Fleming, Florey, and Chain. It includes scientists in all fields including biologists, chemists, astronomers, physicists, mathematicians, geologist, and explorers. The alphabetical list of biographical entries starts with ABBE, Cleveland [738] and ends with ZWORYKIN, Vladimir Kosma [1134]

In the Second Revised Edition Isaac Newton receives the greatest coverage, a biography of seven pages. Galileo, Michael Faraday and Albert Einstein tie, with five pages each, and Lavoisier and Charles Darwin get four pages each. Dutch writer Gerrit Krol said about the book, "One of the charms of this encyclopedia is that to each name he adds those with whom this scientist has been in contact." The book has been revised several times, by both Asimov himself, and most recently, by his daughter Robyn Asimov.

Entry NameField Notes1 ImhotepEngineering(2650–2600 BC) An Egyptian polymath, he is considered to be the first engineer, architect and physician in history known by name.2AhmoseMathematicsAlso known as Ahmes, an Egypt scribe of the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt who copied the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.3ThalesMathematics(624 – c. 546 BC), One of the Seven Sages of Greece. He is one of the first well known philosophers and mathematicians.4AnaximanderMetaphysics(c. 610 – c. 546 BC) A pre Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia (in modern day Turkey). He belonged to the Milesian school5AnaximenesMetaphysics(c. 585 – c. 528 BCE) An Ancient Greek Pre Socratic philosopher. One of the three Milesian philosophers6XenophanesMetaphysics(c. 570 – c. 475 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and social and religious critic.7PythagorasMathematics(c. 570 c. 495 BC). Best known for the Pythagorean theorem which bears his name.8EupalinosEngineeringan ancient Greek engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos on Samos Island in the 6th century BC.9HecataeusHistorian(c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC) An early Greek historian and geographer.10HeraclitusMetaphysics(c. 535 – c. 475 BC) pre Socratic Greek philosopher, and a native of the city of Ephesus, then part of the Persian Empire.11AlcmaeonMedicine(c 510 BC) considered by many an early pioneer of anatomical dissection and was said to be the first to identify Eustachian tubes.12HannoExplorera Carthaginian explorer c. 500 BC, best known for his naval exploration of the African coast.13ParmenidesMetaphysicslate sixth or early fifth century BC pre Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna Graecia (Greater Greece, included Southern Italy). Founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy.14AnaxagorasAstronomyHe produced a correct explanation for eclipses and proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars.15LeucippusChemistry(first half of the 5th century BC) The first Greek to develop the theory of atomism – the idea that everything is composed entirely of various imperishable, indivisible elements called atoms.16ZenoMetaphysics(490?–430? BC) was a pre Socratic Greek philosopher best known for his paradoxes.17EmpedoclesCosmogenesis(c. 490 – c. 430 BC) Greek pre Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Acragas (Agrigentum), a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for originating the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements.18OenopidesAstronomyAn ancient Greek geometer and astronomer, who lived around 450 BCE. 19PhilolausAstronomyc. 470 – c. 385 BCE) was a Greek Pythagorean and Presocratic philosopher. He is also credited with originating the theory that the Earth was not the center of the universe.20DemocritusChemistry(c. 370 BC) An Ancient Greek pre Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.21SocratesPhilosophy470/469 – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.22HippocratesMedicine( 460 – 370 BC), A Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), sometimes referred to as the "Father of Medicine"23MetonAstronomya Greek mathematician, astronomer, geometer, and engineer who lived in Athens in the 5th century BC. He is best known for calculations involving the eponymous 19 year Metonic cycle which he introduced in 432 BC into the lunisolar Attic calendar.24PlatoPhilosophy(428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition.25ArchytasMathematics(428–347 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist. He was a scientist of the Pythagorean school and famous for being the reputed founder of mathematical mechanics, as well as a good friend of Plato.26TheaetetusMathematics27Eudoxus28Heracleides29Aristotle30Menaechmus31Theophrastus32Callippus33Dicaearchus34Diocles35Epicurus36PraxagorasMedicinestudied Aristotle's (384–322 BC) anatomy and improved it by distinguishing between arteries and veins. 37Kiddinu38Strato39Pytheas40Euclid41Aristarchus42Herophilus43Erasistratus44Conon45Philon from Byzantium46CtesibiusPhysics(285–222 BC) was a Greek inventor who wrote the first treatises on compressed air. Worked on the elasticity of air. The "father of pneumatics. "47Archimedes48Eratosthenes49Apollonius50Hipparchus51Seleucus52Poseidonius53Lucretius54Sosigenes55Vitruvius56Strabo57Celsus, Aulus Cornelius58Mela, Pomponius59Dioscorides60Hero61Pliny62Frontinus, Sextus Julius63Tsai Lun64Ptolemy, Claudius65Galen66Diophantus67Zosimus68Pappus69Hypatia70Proclus71Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus72Isidore of Seville73Brahmagupta74CallinicusChemistry(about 620 BC) Also known as Kallinikos. A Byzantine chemist from Heliopolis and the inventor of Greek fire75Bede76Geber77Alcuin78Charlemagne79Al Khwarizmi, Muhammed ibn Musa80Thabit ibn Qurra81Alfred The Great82Rhazes83Albategnius84Gerbert85Alhazen86Avicenna87Omar Khayyam88Abelard, Peter89Adelard of Bath90Gerard of Cremona91Averroes92Maimonides, Moses93Neckam, Alexander94Grosseteste, Robert95Fibonacci, Leonardo96Albertus Magnus97Frederick II98Michael Scot99Bacon, Roger100Alfonso X101Alderotti, TadeoMedicineItalian Physician. 102Aquinas, Saint Thomas103Arnold of Villanova104Peregrinus, Petrus105Polo, Marco106d'Abano, Pietro107False Geber108Buridan, Jean109Ockham, William of110Mondino de' Luzzi111Henry the Navigator112Ulugh Beg113Toscanelli, Paolo114Gutenberg, JohannEngineering(c. 1398–1468). Invented mechanical movable type printing. 115Nicholas of Cusa116Bessarion, John117Alberti, Leone Battista118Peurbach, Georg von119Regiomontanus120Pacioli, Luca121Columbus, Christopher122Leonardo da Vinci123Vespucius, Americus124Cano, Juan Sebastian Del125Waldseemoller, Martin126Dürer, Albrecht127Copernicus, Nicolas128Balboa, Vasco Nunez de129Schoner, Johannes130Magellan, Ferdinand131Paracelsus132Agricola, Georgius133Apian, Peter134Fernel, Jean François135Tartaglia, Niccolo136Fuchs, Leonhard137Cardano, Girolamo138Gemma Frisius, Reiner139Pare, Ambroise140Colombo, Realdo141Eustachio, Bartolomeo142Servetus, Michael143Reinhold, Erasmus144Mercator, Gerardus145Rheticus146Vesalius, Andreas147Gesner, Konrad Von148Belon, Pierre149Fallopius, Gabriel150Porta, Giambattista Della151Fabricius Ab Aquapendente, Hieronymus152Clavius, Christoph153Vieta, Franciscus154Scaliger, Joseph Justus155Gilbert, William156Brahe, TychoAstronomy(14 December 1546 – 24 October 1601) Known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations.157Bruno, GiordanoAstronomy(1548 – February 17, 1600). The first man to have conceptualized the universe as a continuum where the stars we see at night are identical in nature to the Sun. 158Stevinus, Simon159Napier, John160Alpini, Prospero161Norman, Robert162Libavius163Bacon, Francis164Briggs, Henry165Sanctorius, Sanctorius166Galileo167Fabricius, DavidAstronomy(1564–1617)Known for discovering the first known periodic variable star and the first confirmed instance of the observation of sunspots.168Lippershey, HansAstronomy(1570–1619), generally credited as being the inventor of the telescope.169Keppler, Johann170Bayer, JohannAstronomy(1572–1625) most famous for his star atlas Uranometria, published in 1603, which was the first atlas to cover the entire celestial sphere. 171Marius, Simon172Oughtred, William173Scheiner, Christoph174Harvey, William175Helmont, Jan Baptista van176Wendelin, Godefroy177Snell, Willebrord Van Roijen178Baffin, William179Vernier, Pierre180Cysat, Johann181Mersenne, MarinMathematics(September 8, 1588 – September 1, 1648). Mathematician and music theorist, often referred to as the "father of acoustics" 182Gassendi, Pierre183Descartes, Rene184Gellibrand, Henry185Riccioli, Giovanni Battista186Cavalieri, Bonaventura187Kircher, Athanasius188Fermat, Pierre de189Guericke, Otto Von190Glauber, Johann Rudolf191Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso192Torricelli, Evangelista193Ferdinand II of Tuscany194Hevelius, Johannes195Gascoigne, William196Sylvius, Franciscus197Wilkins, John198Wallis, John199Grimaldi, Francesco Maria200Horrocks, Jeremiah201Graunt, John202Brouncker, William, 2D Viscount203Mariotte, Edme204Picard, Jean205Willis, Thomas206Viviani, Vincenzo207Pascal, Blaise208Sydenham, Thomas209Cassini, Giovanni Domenico210Barthoun, Erasmus211Redi, Francesco212Boyle, RobertPhysics(25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, best known for Boyle's law,213Ray, John214Malpighi, Marcello215Huygens, Christiaan216Brand, Hennig217Richer, Jean218Rudbeck, Olof219Lower, Richard220Wren, Sir Christopher221Leeuwenhoek, Anton Van222Becher, Johann Joachim223Hooke, Robert224Swammerdam, Jan225Steno, Nicolaus226Gregory, James227Denis, Jean Baptiste228Graaf, Regnier de229Grew, Nehemiah230Mayow, John231Newton, Sir IsaacPhysics(25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27 best known for formulating the Titius–Bode law, and for using this rule to predict the existence of a celestial object at 2.8 AU from the sun.302Spallanzani, Lazzaro303Bougainville, Louis Antoine de304Müller, Otto Friedrich305Messier, Charles306Ingenhousz, Jan307Cavendish, Henry308Darwin, Erasmus309Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de310Maskelyne, Nevil311Arkwright, Sir Richard312Priestley, Joseph313Wolff, Kaspar Friedrich314Mesmer, Franz Anton315Bergman, Torbern Olof316Watt, James317Lagrange, Joseph Louis, Comte de318Coulomb, Charles Augustin319Guyton de Morveau, Baron Louis Bernard320Galvani, Luigi321Herschel, Sir WilliamAstronomy(15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) British astronomer and composer Pioneered the use of astronomical spectrophotometry. Discovered infrared radiation. Discovered Uranus and 2 of its moons (Titania and Oberon) and 2 moons of Saturn (Enceladus and Mimas). 322Saussure, Horace Benedict de323Müller, Franz Joseph324Frere, John325Montgolfier, Jacques Etienne Andjoseph Michel326Lexell, Anders Johan327Withering, William328Leblanc, Nicolas329Scheele, Karl Wilhelm330Fitch, John331Banks, Sir Joseph332Haüy, René Just333Jefferson, Thomas334Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent335Klaproth, Martin Heinrich336Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de337Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio, Count338Pinel, Philippe339Gahn, Johann Gottlieb340Monge, Gaspard341Piazzi, Giuseppe342Hjelm, Peter Jacob343Charles, Jacques Alexandre Cesar344Bode, Johann Elert345Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de346Berthollet, Claude Louis, Comte347Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de348Jenner, Edward349Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von350Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph351Rutherford, Daniel352Herschel, Caroline Lucretia353Dolomieu, Dieudonne de Gratet de354Sprengel, Christian Konrad355Werner, Abraham Gottlob356Prevost, Pierre357Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich358Legendre, Adrien Marie359Appert, Nicolas360Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count361Nicholson, William363Murdock, William364Proust, Joseph Louis365Parkinson, James366Fourcroy, Antoine François, Comtede367D'Elhuyar, Don Fausto368Chaptal, Jean Antoine Claude, Comtede Chanteloup369McAdam, John Loudon370Chladni, Ernst Florens Friedrich371Gall, Franz Joseph372Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus373Gadolin, Johan374Hall, Sir James375Tennant, Smithson376Pons, Jean Louis377Gregor, William378Richter, Jeremias Benjamin379Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas380Kirchhoff, Gottlieb Sigismund Constantin381Goodricke, John382Del Río, Andrés Manuel383Hatchett, Charles384Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore385Fulton, Robert386Whitney, Eli387Malthus, Thomas Robert388Wollaston, William Hyde389Dalton, John390Hisinger, Wilhelm391Ekeberg, Anders Gustaf392Bouvard, Alexis393Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, Baron394Nicol, William395Smith, William (23 March 1769 – 28 August 1839) 396Cuvier, Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert, Baron397Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander, Baron Von398Seebeck, Thomas Johann399Trevithick, Richard400Bichat, Marie François Xavier401Mohs, Friedrich402Young, Thomas403Brown, Robert (21 December 1773 – 10 June 1858) 404Biot, Jean Baptiste405Buch, Christian Leopold von406Baily, Francis407Ampère, Andrè Marie408Malus, Etienne Louis409Kidd, John410Germain, Sophie411Strohmeyer, Friedrich412Avogadro, Amedeo, Count of Quaregna413Ritter, Johann Wilhelm414Courtois, Bernard415Gauss, Johann Karl Friedrich416Thenard, Louis Jacques417Oersted, Hans Christian418Candolle, Augustin Pyrame de419Bretonneau, Pierre Fidele420Gay Lussac, Joseph Louis421Davy, Sir HumphryChemistry (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) A Cornish chemist and inventor, who is best remembered for isolating a series of substances for the first time: potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron, as well as discovering the elemental nature of chlorine and iodin422Schweigger, Johann Salomo Christoph423Oken, Lorenz424Silliman, Benjamin425Berzelius, Jons Jakob426Bellingshausen, Fabian Gottliebvon427Dobereiner, Johann Wolfgang428Hare, Robert429Laennec, Theophile Rene Hyacinthe430Braconnot, Henri431Stephenson, George432Poisson, Simeon Denis433Brewster, Sir David434Biela, Wilhelm Von435Guthrie, Samuel436Sturgeon, William437Sertorner, Friedrich Wilhelm Adamferdinand438Magendie, François439Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm440Prout, William441Dulong, Pierre Louis442Sedgwick, Adam443Audubon, John James444Beaumont, WilliamMedicine(November 21, 1785 – April 25, 1853) "Father of Gastric Physiology"445Lister, Joseph Jackson446Arago, Dominique François Jean447Amici, Giovanni Battista448Chevreul, Michel Eugene449Charpentier, Johann Von450Fraunhofer, Joseph Von451Sefstrom, Nils Gabriel452Purkinje, Jan Evangelista453Venetz, Ignatz454Pelletier, Pierre Joseph455Fresnel, Augustin Jean456Poncelet, Jean Victor457Gmelin, Leopold458Boucher de Crèvecœur Deperthes, Jacques459Sabine, Sir Edward460Thomsen, Christian Jurgensen461Ohm, Georg Simon462Redfield, William C.463Cauchy, Augustin Louis, Baron464Bond, William Cranch465Bright, Richard (September 28, 1789 – December 16, 1858) 466Schwabe, Heinrich Samuel467Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandet468Mantell, Gideon Algernon469Hall, Marshall470Daniell, John Frederic471Mobius, August Ferdinand472Peacock, George473Morse, Samuel Finley Breese474Faraday, Michael475Encke, Johann Franz476Petit, Alexis Therese477Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey478Baer, Karl Ernst Von479Herschel, Sir John Frederick William480Coriolis, Gustave Gaspard de481Babbage, CharlesEngineering (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) An English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.482Addison, Thomas483Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Von484Lobachevski, Nikolai Ivanovich485Mitscherlich, Eilhardt486Babinet, Jacques487Whewell, William488Madler, Johann Heinrich489Pander, Christian Heinrich490Payen, Anselme491Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried492Weber, Ernst Heinrich493Caventou, Joseph Bienaime494Braid, James495Claus, Carl Ernst496Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques497Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi498Retzius, Anders Adolf499Beer, Wilhelm500Poiseuille, Jean Leonard Marie (22 April 1797 – 26 December 1869)501Mosander, Carl GustavChemistrydiscovered the elements lanthanum, erbium and terbium.502Lyell, Sir Charles503Henry, Joseph504Melloni, Macedonio505Henderson, ThomasAstronomy(28 December 1798 – 23 November 1844) the first person to measure the distance to Alpha Centauri,506Reich, Ferdinand507Clapeyron, Benoit Pierre Emile508Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August509Lassell, William510Schonbein, Christian Friedrich511Talbot, William Henry Fox (11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877) 512Ross, Sir James Clark513Rosse, William Parsons, 3rd Earl of514Dumas, Jean Baptiste Andre515Wohler, Friedrich516Goodyear, Charles517Dujardin, Felix518Miller, William Hallowes519Lartet, Edouard Annand Isidore Hippolyte520Fechner, Gustav Theodor521Plücker, Julius522Müller, Johannes Peter523Airy, Sir George Biddell524Borden, Gail525Boussingault, Jean Baptiste Joseph Dieudonne526Wheatstone, Sir Charles527Abel, Niels Henrik528Hess, Germain Henri529Balard, Antoine Jerome530Bolyai, Janos531Mulder, Gerardus Johannes532Liebig, Justus VonChemistry(12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) A German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and was considered the founder of organic chemistry.533Ericsson, John534Doppler, Christian Johann535Challis, James536Lenz, Heinrich Friedrich Emil537Siebold, Karl Theodor Ernst von538Schleiden, Matthias Jakob539Owen, Sir Richard540Weber, Wilhelm Eduard541Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob542Mohl, Hugo von543Jackson, Charles Thomas544Fitzroy, Robert545Hamilton, Sir William Rowan546Lamont, Johann Von547Graham, Thomas548Maury, Matthew Fontaine549de Morgan, Augustus550Palmieri, Luigi551Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe552Guyot, Arnold Henry553Laurent, Auguste554Darwin, Charles Robert555Liouville, Joseph556Grassman, Hermann Günther557Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jakob558Holmes, Oliver Wendell559Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke560Valentin, Gabriel Gustav561Regnault, Henri Victor562Gray, Asa563Schwann, Theodor564Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph565Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Eberhard566Draper, John William567Simpson, Sir James Young568Grove, Sir William Robert569Otis, Elisha Graves570Budd, William(1811–1880)571Galois, Evariste572Shanks, William573Galle, Johann Gottfried574Sobrero, Ascanio575Bessemer, Sir Henry576Snow, John577Archer, Frederick Scott578Bernard, Claude579Stas, Jean Servais580Andrews, Thomas (9 December 1813 – 26 November 1885)581Parkes, AlexanderEngineering Invented the first man made plastic.582Fremy, Edmond583Geissler, Heinrich584Daubree, Gabriel Auguste585Angstrom, Anders Jonas586Kirkwood, Daniel587Mayer, Julius Robert588Lawes, Sir John Bennett589De La Rue, Warren590Forbes, Edward591Remak, Robert592Wunderlich, Carl Reinhold August593Weierstrass, Karl Theodor Wilhelm594Long, Crawford Williamson595Boole, George596Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris597Ludwig, Kari Friedrich Wilhelm598Nägeli, Carl599Marignac, Jean Charles Galissard de600Kolliker, Rudolf Albert Von601Kopp, Hermann Franz Moritz602Wurtz, Charles Adolphe603Sainte Claire Deville, Henri Etienne604Hofmann, August Wilhelm Von605Donders, Franciscus Comelis606Secchi, Pietro Angelo607Semmelweiss, Ignaz Philipp608Mitchell, Maria609Gatling, Richard Jordan610Kolbe, Adolph Wilhelm Hermann611du Bois Reymond, Emil Heinrich612Pettenkofer, Max Joseph Von613Joule, James Prescott614Drake, Edwin Laurentine615Adams, John Couch616Howe, Euas617Morton, William Thomas Green618Stokes, Sir George Gabriel619Foucault, Jean Bernard Leon620Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis621Field, Cyrus WestEngineeringThe driving force behind the first Transatlantic telegraph cable (Completed on August 5, 1858. )622Beguyer de Chancourtois, Alexandre Emfle623Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond624Spencer, Herbert (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) 625Rankine, William John Macquorn626Tyndall, John627Roche, Edouard Albert628Loschmidt, Johann Joseph629Cayley, Arthur630Mortillet, Louis Laurent Gabriel de631Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von632Virchow, Rudolph Carl633Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel634Schliemann, Heinrich635Lenoir, Jean Joseph EtienneEngineeringdeveloped the first internal combustion engine in 1859.636Galton, Sir Francis637Thomson, Robert William638Mendel, Gregor Johann639Arrest, Heinrich Ludwig d'640Leuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf641Hermite, Charles642Pasteur, Louis643Wallace, Alfred Russel644Siemens, Sir William645Kronecker, Leopold646Huggins, Sir William647Janssen, Pierre Jules Cesar648Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert649Hittorf, Johann Wilhelm650Williamson, Alexander William651Hofmeister, Wilhelm Friedrichbenedikt652Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron653Broca, Pierre Paul654Richter, Hieronymus Theodor655Frankland, Sir Edward656Bates, Henry Walter657Schultze, Max Johann Sigismund658Balmer, Johann Jakob659Huxley, Thomas Henry660Bond, George Phillips661Erlenmeyer, Richard August Carl Enul662Charcot, Jean Martin663Hoppe Seyler, Ernst Felix Immanuel664Stoney, George JohnstonePhysicsintroducing the term electron as the "fundamental unit quantity of electricity".665Thomsen, Hans Peter Jørgen Julius666Gramme, Zenobe Theophile667Carrington, Richard Christopher668Cannizzaro, Stanislao669Gegenbaur, Karl670Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard671Donati, Giovanni Battista672Lister, Joseph, Baron673Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus674Berthelot, Pierre Eugene Marcelin675Cohn, Ferdinand Julius676Butlerov, Alexander Mikhailovich677Swan, Sir Joseph WilsonEngineering(31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) invented the incandescent light bulb678Stewart, Balfour679Pogson, Norman Robert680Kekulé von Stradonitz, Friedrich August681Hall, Asaph682Thomson, Sir Charles Wyville683Marey, Etienne Jules684Raoult, François Marie685Meyer, Julius Lothar686Couper, Archibald Scott687Suess, Eduard688Dedekind, Julius Wilhelm Richard689Hellriegel, HermannBiology(1831–1895) Discovered that certain legumes were capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.690Marsh, Othniel Charles (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) paleontologists in the American West.691Voit, Karl Von692Maxwell, James Clerk693Friedel, Charles694Otto, Nikolaus August695Crookes, Sir Wniiam696Clark, Alvan Graham697Wundt, Wilhelm Max698Cailletet, Louis Paul699Sachs, Julius von700Nordenskiold, Nils Adolf Erik701Waage, Peter702Bert, Paul703Nobel, Alfred Bemhard704Weismann, August Friedrich Leopold705Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich706Caro, Heinrich707Haeckel, Emst Heinrich Philippaugust708Daimler, Gottlieb Wilhelm709Plante, Gaston710Venn, John711Langley, Samuel Pierpont712Young, Charles Augustus713Newcomb, Simon714Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio715Stefan, Josef716Wislicenus, Johannes717Ringer, Sydney718Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von719Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman720Allbutt, Sir Thomas Clifford721Guldberg, Cato Maximilian722Waldeyer Hartz, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Von723Draper, Henry724Proctor, Richard Anthony725Kühne, Wilhelm (Willy) Friedrich726Van Der Waals, Johannes Diderik727Newlands, John Alexander Reina728Hyatt, John Wesley729Markovnikov, Vladimir Vasilevich730Morley, Edward Williams731Hitzig, Julius EduardMedicine(Feb 6, 1838 – Aug 20, 1907) German physiologist.732Beilstein, Friedrich Konrad733Mach, Ernst734Perkin, Sir William Henry735Solvay, Ernest736Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul Emile737Zeppelin, Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich, Count von738Abbe, Cleveland739Winkler, Clemens Alexander740Gibbs, Josiah Willard741Crafts, James Mason742Przhevalsky, Nikolay Mikhaylovich743Chardonnet, Louis Marie Hilaire Bemigaud, Comte de744Kundt, August Adolph Eduard Eberhard745Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens746Cleve, Per Teodor747Nilson, Lars Fredrik748Cope, Edward Drinker749Krafft Ebing, Baron Richard Von750Kovalevski, Alexander Onufriyevich751Amagat, Emile Hilaire752Graebe, Karl James Peter753Dutton, Clarence Edward754James, William755Breuer, Josef756Flammarion, Nicolas Camille757Vogel, Hermann Carl758Linde, Karl Paul Gottfried Von759Dewar, Sir James760Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron761Ferrier, Sir David762Flemming, Walther763Gill, Sir David764Golgi, Camillo765Abney, Sir William de Wiveleslie766Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder767Koch, (Heinrich Hermann) Robert768Strasburger, Eduard Adolf769Boltzmann, Ludwig Edward770Miescher, Johann Friedrich771Manson, Sir Patrick772Cantor, Georg773Pfeffer, Wilhelm774Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad775Mechnikov, Ilya Ilich776Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseMedicinediscovered that the cause of malaria is a protozoan777Darwin, Sir George Howard778Lippmann, Gabriel Jonas779Wroblewski, Zygmunt Plorenty Von780Hall, Granvflle Stanley781Remsen, Ira782Beneden, Edouard Josephlouis Marie Van783Pictet, Raoul Pierre784Pickering, Edward Charles785Westinghouse, George786Baumann, Eugen787Le Bel, Joseph Achille788Edison, Thomas Alva (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)789Bell, Alexander Graham (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922)790Wallach, Otto791Langerhans, Paul792De Vries, Hugo Marie793Lilienthal, Otto794Eotvos, Roland, Baron von795Dorn, Friedrich Ernst796Meyer, Viktor797Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob798Rowland, Henry Augustus799Burbank, Luther800Klein, Christian Felix801Kjeldahl, Johann Gustav Christoffer802Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich803Fleming, Sir John Ambrose804Kovalevsky, Sonya805Gaffky, Georg Theodor August806Heaviside, Oliver807Sharpey Schafer, Sir Edward Albert808Braun, Karl Ferdinand809Richet, Charles Robert810Righi, Augusto811Goldstein, Eugen812Le Chatelier, Henri Louis813Buchner, Hans Ernst Angass814Milne, John815Kapteyn, Jacobus CorneliusAstronomy(January 19, 1851 – June 18, 1922) the first discoverer of evidence for galactic rotation.816Chamberland, Charles Edouard817Beijerinck, Martinus Willem818Maunder, Edward Walter819Berliner, Emile820Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph821Fitzgerald, George Francis822Reed, Walter823Balfour, Francis Maitland824Frasch, Herman825Demarcay, Eugene Anatole826Lindemann, Carl Louis Ferdinandvon827Ramon Y Cajal, Santiago828Loffler, Friedrich August Johannes829van 't Hoff, Jacobus Henricus830Halsted, William Stewart831Moissan, Ferdinand Frederic Henri832Ramsay, Sir William833Fischer, Emil Hermann834Becquerel, Antoine HenriPhysicsdiscoverer of radioactivity, for which he won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics 835Michelson, Albert AbrahamPhysicsknown for his work on the measurement of the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment.836Schaeberle, John Martin837Thomson, Elihu838Petrie, Sir (William Matthew)Flinders Egyptologist839Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon840Ostwald, Friedrich Wilhelm841Gram, Hans Christian JoachimMedicine(1853–1938), inventor of the Gram stain. 842Kossel, (Karl Martin Leonhard)Albrecht843Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike844Roux, Pierre Paul Emile845Ehrlich, Paul846Behring, Emil Adolf von'847Poincaré, Jules Henri848Rubner, Max849Carroll, James850Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon851Hampson, WilliamEngineering(1854–1926) English inventor.852Eastman, George853Gorgas, William Crawford854Roozeboom, Hendrik Willem Bakhuis855Takamine, Jokichi856Sabatier, Paul857Rydberg, Johannes Robert858Elster, Johann Philipp Ludwig JuliusPhysics(1854–1920) – Studied Photoelectric effect. Produced first practical device for measuring intensity of light. 859Neisser, Albert Ludwig Sigismund860Lowell, Percival861Teisserenc de Bort, Leon Philippe862Cross, Charles Frederick863Acheson, Edward Goodrich864Taylor, Frederick Winslow865Freud, Sigmund866Peary, Robert Edwin867Tesla, Nikola868Wilson, Edmund Beecher869Thomson, Sir Joseph John870Kitasato, Baron Shibasaburō871Mohorovicic, Andrija872Johannsen, Wilhelm Ludwig873Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf874Wagner Von Jauregg, Julius875Pearson, Karl876Ross, Sir Ronald877Abel, John Jacob878Binet, Alfred879Keeler, James Edward880Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich881Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott882Koller, Carl883Barnard, Edward Emerson884Dubois, Marie Eugene Francoisthomas885Pickering, William Henry886Diesel, Rudolf887Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig888Eijkman, Christiaan889Peano, Giuseppe890Auer, Karl, Baron Von Welsbach891Pupin, Michael Idvorsky892Hadfield, Sir Robert Abbott893Bose, Sir Jagadis Chandra894Arrhenius, Svante August895Popov, Alexander Stepanovich896Loeb, Jacques897Curie, Pierre898Reid, Harry Fielding899Smith, Theobald900Osborne, Thomas BurrMedicineDiscovered vitamin A.901Haffkine, Waldemar Mordecaiwolfs902Bayliss, Sir William Maddock903Buchner, Eduard904Einthoven, WillemMedicine(1860–1927) invented the first practical electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) in 1903 905Barringer, Daniel Moreau906Villard, Paul UlrichPhysicsdiscovered gamma rays in 1900 907Sperry, Elmer Ambrose908Finsen, Niels Ryberg909Goldschmidt, Johann (Hans) Wilhelm910Guillaume, Charles Edouard911Whitehead, Alfred North912Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland913Bateson, William914Nansen, Fridtjof915Innes, Robert Thorburn Ayton916Kennelly, Arthur Edwin917Wiechert, Emil918Hilbert, David919Gullstrand, Allvar920Lenard, Philipp Eduard Anton Von921Nef, John Ulric922Bragg, Sir William Henry923Boveri, Theodor924Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich925Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint926Love, Augustus Edward Hough927Wolf, Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius928Walden, Paul929Ford, Henry930Kipping, Frederic Stanley (1863–1949). Pioneering work with silicone.931Baekeland, Leo Hendrik932Cannon, Annie Jump933Hall, Charles Martin934Wien, Wilhelm935Minkowski, Hermann936Nernst, Hermann Walther937Carver, George Washington938Correns, Karl Franz Joseph Erich939Ivanovsky, Dmitri Losifovich940Hartmann, Johannes Franz941Paschen, Louis Carl Heinrichfriedrich942Weiss, Pierre943Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf944Steinmetz, Charles Proteus945Zeeman, Pieter946Nagaoka, Hantaro947Harden, Sir Arthur948Leishman, Sir William Boog949Plaskett, John Stanley950Gomberg, Moses951Wasserman, August Von952Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolaevich953Miller, Dayton Clarence954Starling, Ernest Henry955Lazear, Jesse William956Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri957Morgan, Thomas Hunt958Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey959Broom, Robert960Werner, Alfred961Wright, Wilbur962Fabry, Charles963Douglass, Andrew Ellicott964Perrine, Charles Dillon965Curie, Marie Sklodowska966Ipatieff, Vladimir Nikolaevich967Sorensen, Soren Peter LauritzChemistry(1868–1939) introduced of the concept of pH968Richards, Theodore WilliamChemistryWon a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, "in recognition of his exact determinations of the atomic weights of a large number of the chemical elements. "969Millikan, Robert AndrewsPhysics Nobel laureate in physics for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect.970Hayford, John Fillmore971Scott, Robert Falcon972Sabine, Wallace Clement WareEngineering acoustical architect of Boston's Symphony Hall973Landsteiner, KariMedicinenoted for his development in 1901 of the modern system of classification of blood groups974Hale, George Ellery975Leavitt, Henrietta Swan976Sommerfeld, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm977Haber, Fritz978Abegg, Richard Wilhelm Heinrich979Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees980Levene, Phoebus Aaron Theodor981Spemann, Hans982Pregl, Fritz983Poulsen, ValdemarEngineeringdeveloped a magnetic wire recorder (precursor to magnetic tape recording) in 1899.984Adler, Alfred985Honda, Kotaro986Bordet, Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent987Boltwood, Bertram Borden988Ivanov, IIya Ivanovich989Claude, Georges990Perrin, Jean Baptiste991Pope, Sir William Jackson992Ricketts, Howard Taylor993Grignard, François Auguste Victor994Bodenstein, Max995Wright, Orville996Rutherford, Ernest997Schaudinn, Fritz Richard998Cannon, Walter Bradford999Tschermak Von Seysenegg, Erich1000Langevin, Paul1001Travers, Morris William1002Urbain, Georges1003Moulton, Forest Ray1004Sitter, Willem de1005Russell, Bertrand Arthur William,3rd Earl1006Tsvett, Mikhail Semenovich1007Curtis, Heber Doust1008Amundsen, Roald Engelbregt1009Willstatter, Richard1010Duggar, Benjamin Minge1011Euler Chelpin, Hans Karl Augustsimon Von1012d'Herelle, Felix HubertMedicine(1873–1949) the co discoverer of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)1013Sidgwick, Nevil Vincent1014Berger, Hans1015Loewi Otto1016Carrel, Alexis1017de Forest, Lee1018Hertzsprung, Ejnar1019Schwarzschild, Karl1020Coolidge, William David (1873–1975)1021Coblentz, William Weber1022Harkins, William Draper1023Erlanger, Joseph1024Stark, Johannes1025Marconi, Marchese GuglielmoEngineering(1874–1937). 1909 Nobel prize for improvements in radio communications. (Increased range from 1.5 km to first transatlantic radio message on December 17, 1902. )1026Debierne, Andre Louis1027Goldberger, Joseph1028Bosch, Karl1029Blakeslee, Albert Francis1030Krogh, Schack August Steenberg1031Weizmann, Chaim1032Moniz, Antonio Caetano de Abreufreire Egas1033Michaelis, Leonor 1034Dale, Sir Henry Hallett1035Jung, Carl Gustav1036Sherman, Henry ClappMedicine(1875–1955) Developed methods for measuring vitamin content of food.1037Lewis, Gilbert NewtonChemistry known for the discovery of the covalent bond 1038Slipher, Vesto Melvin1039Diels, Otto Paul Hermann1040Barany, Robert1041Yerkes, Robert Meams1042Keesom, Willem Hendrik1043Stock, Alfred1044Kettering, Charles Franklin1045Adams, Walter Sydney1046Windaus, Adolf1047Sutton, Walter Stanborough1048Wieland, Heinrich Otto1049Barkla, Charles Glover1050Beebe, Charles William1051Aston, Francis William1052Soddy, Frederick1053Jeans, Sir James Hopwood1054Avery, Oswald Theodore1055Twort, Frederick William1056Russell, Henry Norris1057Watson, John Broadus1058Nieuwland, Julius Arthur1059Whipple, George Hoyt1060Meitner, Lise1061Bronsted, Johannes Nicolaus1062Mccollum, Elmer Verner1063Hahn, Otto1064Einstein, Albert1065Schmidt, Bernhard Voldemar1066Richardson, Sir Owen Willans1067Rous, Francis Peyton1068Laue, Max Theodor Felix von1069Woolley, Sir Charles Leonard1070Gesell, Arnold LuciusMedicine(21 June 1880 – 29 May 1961) was a psychologist and pediatrician who was a pioneer in the field of child development. 1071Wegener, Alfred Lothar1072Langmuir, Irving1073Hess, Walter Rudolf1074Staudinger, Hermann1075Karman, Theodore Von1076Fischer, Hans1077Fleming, Sir Alexander1078Davisson, Clinton Joseph1079Barkhausen, Heinrich1080Bridgman, Percy Williams1081Franck, James1082Geiger, Hans WilhelmPhysics(1882–1945) Perhaps best known as the co inventor of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus.1083Goddard, Robert HutchingsEngineeringOn March 16, 1926, he became the first person to build and launch a liquid fueled rocket.1084Born, Max1085Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley1086Burt, Sir Cyril Lodowic1087Haworth, Sir Walter Norman1088Hess, Victor FrancisPhysicsdiscovered cosmic rays.1089Warburg, Otto Heinrich1090Smith, Philip Edward1091Andrews, Roy Chapman1092Piccard, August1093Funk, Casimir1094Debye, Peter Joseph Wilhelm1095Meyerhof, Otto Fritz1096Black, Davidson1097Svedberg, Theodor H. E.1098Bergius, Friedrich Karl Rudolf1099Rorschach, Hermann1100Hevesy, Győrgy1101Bohr, Niels Henrik David1102Shapley, Harlow1103Minot, George Richards1104Williams, Robert Runnels1105Kendall, Edward Calvin1106Dempster, Arthur Jeffrey1107Robinson, Sir Robert1108Hill, Archibald Vivian1109Trumpler, Robert Julius1110Frisch, Karl Von1111Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg1112Kohler, Wolfgang1113Keilin, David1114Rose, William Cumming1115Houssay, Bernardo Alberto1116Hertz, Gustav Ludwig1117Schrödinger, Erwin1118Paneth, Priedrich Adolf1119Ružicka, Leopold Stephen1120Sumner, James Batcheller1121Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys1122Vavilov, Nikolay Ivanovich1123Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz1124Stern, Otto1125Friedmann, Alexander Alexandrovich1126Gasser, Herbert Spencer1127Zernicke, Fritz1128Waksman, Selman AbrahamEngineering1953 Nobel laureate for his invention of the phase contrast microscope, 1129Byrd, Richard Evelyn1130Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata1131Karrer, Paul1132Midgley, Thomas, Jr.1133Gutenberg, Beno1134Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma (July 30, 1889 – July 29, 1982)1135Coster, Dirk1136Hubble, Edwin Powell1137Adrian, Edgar Douglas, Baron1138Holmes, Arthur1139Bush, Vannevar1140Jones, Sir Harold Spencer1141Henry, Sir William Lawrence1142Fisher, Sir Ronald Aylmer1143Armstrong, Edwin Howard1144Heyrovsky, Jaroslav1145Muller, Hermann Joseph1146Bothe, Walther Wilhelm Georg Franz1147Jeffreys, Sir Harold1148Northrop, John Howard1149Humason, Milton La Salle1150Chadwick, Sir JamesPhysics(1891–1974). Nobel laureate in physics awarded for his discovery of the neutron.1151Nicholson, Seth Barnes1152Banting, Sir Frederick GrantMedicineone of the co discoverers of insulin.1153Sturtevant, Alfred Henry1154Murphy, William Parry1155Watson Watt, Sir Robert Alexander1156Thomson, Sir George Paget1157de Broglie, Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, Prince1158Appleton, Sir Edward Victor1159Compton, Arthur Holly1160Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson1161Larson, John AugustusEngineeringinventor of the polygraph1162Dart, Raymond Arthur1163Baade, Walter1164Urey, Harold Clayton1165Simon, Sir Franz Eugen Francis1166Noddack, Walter Karl Friedrich1167Szent Győrgyi, Albert1168Opik, Ernst Julius1169Doisy, Edward Adelbert1170Bose, Satyendra Nath1171Oparin, Alexander Ivanovich1172Oberth, Hermann Julius1173Kapitza, Peter Leonidovich1174Lemaitre, Abbe Georges Edouard1175Wiener, Norbert1176Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari1177Dam, Carl Peter Henrik1178Giauque, William Francis1179Minkowski, Rudolph Leo B.1180Tamm, Igor Yevgenyevich1181Cournand, Andre Frederic1182Rhine, Joseph Banks1183Domagk, Gerhard1184Richards, Dickinson W.1185Lindblad, Bertil1186Milne, Edward Arthur1187Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke1188Hench, Philip Showalter1189Semenov, Nikolay Nikolaevich1190Carothers, Wallace Hume1191Mulliken, Robert Sanderson1192Cori, Gerty Theresa Radnitz1193King, Charles Glen1194Cori, Carl Ferdinand1195Enders, John Franklin1196Lyot, Bernard Ferdinand1197Hassel, Odd1198Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas1199Wittig, Georg Friedrich Karl1200Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman1201Reichstein, Tadeusz1202Wyckoff, Ralph Walter Graystone1203Struve, Otto1204Joliot Curie, Irene1205Bjerknes, Jacob Aall Bonnevie,1206Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford1207Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart1208Szilard, Leo1209Zwicky, Fritz1210Astbury, William Thomas1211Schoenheimer, Rudolf1212Rabi, Isidor IsaacPhysicsNobel laureate in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance.1213Florey, Howard1214Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich1215Ziegler, Karl1216Müller, Paul Hermann1217Theiler, Max1218Best, Charles HerbertMedicineHe was one of the co discoverers of insulin.1219Van Vleck, John Hasbrouck1220Bekesy, Georg Von1221Lipmann, Fritz Albert1222Claude, Albert1223Burnet, Sir Frank Macfariane1224Dobzhansky, Theodosius1225Rickover, Hyman George1226London, Fritz Wolfgang1227Joliot Curie, Frederic1228Pauli, Wolfgang1229Oort, Jan Hendrik1230Gabor, DennisPhysicsinventor, most notable for inventing holography, for which he later received the Nobel Prize in Physics.1231Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf1232Granit, Ragnar Arthur1233Kuhn, Richard1234Uhlenbeck, George Eugene1235Dubos, Rene Jules1236Pauling, Linus Carl1237Menzel, Donald Howard1238Hinton, Christopher, BaronEngineeringnuclear engineer, and supervisor of the construction of Calder Hall, the world's first large scale commercial nuclear power station.1239Du Vigneaud, Vincent1240Elvehjem, Conrad Arnold1241Lawrence, Ernest Orlando1242Huggins, Charles Branton1243Fermi, Enrico1244Oliphant, Marcus Laurence Elwin1245Heisenberg, Werner Karl1246Van de Graaf, Robert Jemison1247van de Kamp, Peter1248Morgenstern, Oskar1249Lindbergh, Charles Augustus1250Brattain, Walter HouserEngineeringalong with John Bardeen and William Shockley, invented the transistor. 1251Strassman, Fritz1252Kastler, Alfred1253Lwoff, Andre Michael1254Alder, Kurt1255Goudsmtt, Samuel Abraham1256Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice1257Tiselius, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin1258Brouwer, Dirk1259Spedding, Frank HaroldChemistrychemist who developed an ion exchange procedure for separating rare earth elements, purifying uranium, and separating isotopes of elements.1260Wigner, Eugene Paul1261Kurchatov, Igor Vasilevich1262Eccles, Sir John Carew1263Natta, Giulio1264Boyd, William Clouser1265Butenandt, Adolf Friedrich Johann1266Pincus, Gregory1267Theorell, Axel Hugo Teodor1268Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett1269Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton1270Beadle, George Wells1271Lorenz, Konrad1272Onsager, Lars1273Neumann, John Von1274Powell, Cecil Frank1275Snell, George Davis1276Hartline, Haldan Keffer1277Bittner, John Joseph1278Gamow, George1279Elsasser, Walter Maurice1280Oppenheimer, J. Robert1281Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich1282Stanley, Wendeu Meredith1283Forssman, Werner1284Frisch, Otto Robert1285Neel, Louis Eugene Felix1286Herzberg, Gerhard1287Segre, Emilio1288Von Euler, Ulf Svante1289Rossi, Bruno Benedetto1290Wildt, Rupert1291Chargapf, Erwin (1905–2002)1292Anderson, Carl DavidPhysicsbest known for discovering the positron in 1932, an achievement for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics, and of the muon in 1936.1293Ochoa, Severo1294Mott, Sir Nevill Francis1295Jansky, Karl Guthe1296Bloch, Felix1297Kuiper, Gerard Peter1298Morgan, William Wilson1299Tombaugh, Clyde WilliamAstronomy(1906–1997) best known for discovering the dwarf planet Pluto in 19301300Tomonaga, Shin'ichiro1301Godel, Kurt1302Bok, Bart Jan1303Ewing, William Maurice1304Hess, Harry Hammond1305Craig, Lyman CreightonMedicine(1908–1974), biochemist known for isolating parathyroid hormone.1306Chain, Ernst Boris1307Goeppert Mayer, Maria1308Bethe, Hans Albrecht1309Schaefer, Vincent Joseph1310Prelog, Vladimir1311Sabin, Albert Bruce1312Folkers, Kari August 1313Delbrück, Max1314Leloir, Luis Frederico1315Ley, Willy1316Edlen, Bengt1317Whipple, Fred Lawrence1318Wald, George1319Goldmark, Peter Carl1320Wilkins, Robert Wallace1321Zinn, Walter Henry1322Ruska, Ernst August Friedrich1323Yukawa, Hideki1324Veksler, Vladimir Losifovich 1325Bovet, Daniele1326Tinbergen, Nikolaas1327Jensen, Johannes Hans Daniel1328Mauchly, John William1329Mcmillan, Edwin Mattison1330Dunning, John Ray1331Todd, Alexander Robertus, Baron1332Teller, Edward1333Landau, Lev Davidovich1334Bardeen, John1335Alfvén, Hannes Olof Gosta1336Kozyrev, Nikolai Alexandrovich1337Bawden, Sir Frederick Charles1338Ambartzumian, Victoramazaspovich1339Williams, Robley Cook1340Frank, Ilya Mikhaylovich1341Hershey, Alfred Day1342Libby, Willard Frank1343Artsimovich, Lev Andreevich 1344Land, Edwin Herbert1345Greenstein, Jesse Leonard1346Tatum, Edward Lawrie1347Monod, Jacques Lucien1348Shockley, William Bradford1349Walter, William Grey1350Martin, Archer John Porter1351Pierce, John Robinson1352Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot1353Cousteau, Jacques Yves1354Flory, Paul John1355Fraenkel Conrat, Heinz1356Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan1357Roberts, Richard BrookePhysicsphysicist and biophysicist, participated in the experiment in which the splitting of the uranium atom was first observed in 1939. 1358Shemin, David1359Katz, Sir Bernard1360Lynen, Feodor1361Calvin, Melvin1362Goldhaber, Maurice1362Blanchard, Jean Pierre François1363Alvarez, Luis Walter1364Mueller, Erwin Wilhelm1365Stein, William Howard1366Wheeler, John Archibald1367Kerst, Donald William1368Reber, Grote1369Bloch, Konrad Emil1370Braun, Wernher Magnus Maximilian von1371Fox, Sidney Walter1372Seaborg, Glenn Theodore1373Brown, Herbert Charles1374Axelrod, Julius1375Turing, Alan Mathison1376Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich, Baron von1377Luria, Salvador Edward1378Purcell, Edward Mills1379Moore, Stanford1380Palade, George Emil1381Flerov, Georgii Nikolaevich1382Li, Choh Hao1383Abelson, Philip Hauge1384Chance, Britton1385Kamen, Martin David1386Lovell, Sir Alfred Charles Bernard1387Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd1388Dulbecco, Renato1389Perutz, Max Ferdinand1390Spitzer, Lyman, Jr.1391Vonnegut, Bernard1392Van Allen, James Alfred1393Salk, Jonas Edward1394Synge, Richard Laurence Millington1395Hofstadter, Robert1396Medawar, Sir Peter Brian1397Weller, Thomas Huckle1398Hoyle, Sir Fred1399Barghoorn, Elso Sterrenberg 1400Townes, Charles Hard1401Hillier, James1402Sutherland, Earl Wilbur, Jr.1403Anfinsen, Christian Boehmer1404Shannon, Claude Elwood1405Dicke, Robert Henry1406Crick, Francis Harry ComptonMedicine (1916–2004) most noted for being one of two co discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953,1407Friedman, Herbert1408Shklovskii, Losif Samuilovich1409Prokhorov, Alexander Mikhailovich1410Robbins, Frederick Chapman1411Dausset, Jean1412O'keefe, John Aloysius 1413Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick1414Prigogine, Ilya1415Kendrew, John Cowdery1416Woodward, Robert Burns1417Cornforth, Sir John Warcup1418De Duve, Christian Rene1419Huxley, Andrew Fielding1420Rainwater, Leo James1421Schwinger, Julian Seymour1422Kornberg, Arthur1423Reines, Frederick1424Feynman, Richard Philips1425Matthias, Bern Teo1426Sanger, Frederick1427Barton, Sir Derek Harold Richard1428Ryle, Sir Martin1429Fischer, Ernst Otto1430Van de Hulst, Hendrik Christoffell 1431Eckert, John Presper, Jr.1432Hillary, Sir Edmund Percival1433Bondi, Sir Hermann1434Cowan, Clyde Lorrain1435Lipscomb, William Nunn, Jr.1436Bloembergen, Nicolaas1437Gold, Thomas1438Jacob, François 1439Chamberlain, Owen 1440Franklin, Rosalind Elsie1441Mitchell, Peter Dennis1442Benacerraf, Baruj1443Porter, George1444Sakharov, Andrey Dmitriyevich1445Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey1446Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman1447Hoagland, Mahlon Bush1448Khorana, Har Gobind1449Holley, Robert William1450Bohr, Aage Niels1451Yang, Chen Ning1452Barnard, Christiaan NeethlingMedicine(1922–2001) cardiac surgeon, famous for performing the world's first successful human to human heart transplant.1453Basov, Nikolai Gennadievich1454Fitch, Val Logsden1455Franklin, Kenneth Linn1456Gajdusek, Daniel Carieton1457Ponnamperuma, Cyril1458Anderson, Philip Warren1459Dyson, Freeman John1460Gubllemin, Roger1461Cormack, Allan MacLeod1462Heezen, Bruce Charles1463Hewish, Anthony1464Esaki, Leo1465Ne'eman, Yuval1466Lederberg, Joshua1467Blumberg, Baruch Samuel1468Salam, Abdus1469Sandage, Allan Rex1470Berg, Paul1471Mottelson, Ben Roy1472Glaser, Donald Arthur1473Lee, Tsung Dao1474Schally, Andrew Victor1475O'Neill, Gerard Kitchen1476Nirenberg, Marshau Warren1477Eigen, Manfred1478Parker, Eugene Newman1479Maiman, Theodore Harold1480Watson, James Dewey1481Hawkins, Gerald Stanley1482Nathans, Daniel1483Mossbauer, Rudolf Ludwig1484Giaever, Ivar1485Arber, Werner1486Edelman, Gerald Maurice1487Gell Mann, Murray1488Schmidt, Maarten1489Cooper, Leon N.1490Miller, Stanley Lloyd1491Drake, Frank Donald1492Armstrong, Neil Alden1493Richter, Burton1494I Miller, Jacques Francis Albert Pierre1495Schrieffer, John Robert1496Smith, Hamilton Othanel1497Cronin, James Watson1498Gilbert, Walter1499Bartlett, Neil1500Glashow, Sheldon Lee1501Penzias, Amo Allan1502Weinberg, Steven1502Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich1504Sagan, Carl1505Temin, Howard Martin1506Wilson, Robert Woodrow1507Ting, Samuel C. C.1508Baltimore, David1509Josephson, Brian David1510Hawking, Stephen William