Традиционные китайские меры и весы

Traditional system of measurement used by Han Chinese

Chinese units of measurement, known in Chinese as the shìzhì ("market system"), are the traditional units of measurement of the Han Chinese. Although Chinese numerals have been decimal (base 10) since the Shang, several Chinese measures use hexadecimal (base 16). Local applications have varied, but the Chinese dynasties usually proclaimed standard measurements and recorded their predecessor's systems in their histories. In the present day, the People's Republic of China maintains some customary units based upon the market units but standardized to round values in the metric system, for example the common jin or catty of exactly 500g. The Chinese name for most metric units is based on that of the closest traditional unit; when confusion might arise, the word "market" (, shì) is used to specify the traditional unit and "common" or "public" (, gōng) is used for the metric value. Taiwan, like Korea, saw its traditional units standardized to Japanese values and their conversion to a metric basis, such as the Taiwanese ping of about 3.306m2 based on the square ken. The Hong Kong SAR continues to use its traditional units, now legally defined based on a local equation with metric units. For instance, the Hong Kong catty is precisely 604.78982. Note: The names lí (釐 or 厘) and fēn (分) for small units are the same for length, area, and mass; however, they refer to different kinds of measurements.

According to the Liji, the legendary Yellow Emperor created the first measurement units. The Xiao Erya and the Kongzi Jiayu state that length units were derived from the human body. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, these human body units caused inconsistency, and Yu the Great, another legendary figure, unified the length measurements. Rulers with decimal units have been unearthed from Shang dynasty tombs. In the Zhou dynasty, the king conferred nobles with powers of the state and the measurement units began to be inconsistent from state to state. After the Warring States period, Qin Shi Huang unified China, and later standardized measurement units. In the Han dynasty, these measurements were still being used, and were documented systematically in the Book of Han. Astronomical instruments show little change of the length of chi in the following centuries, since the calendar needed to be consistent. It was not until the introduction of decimal units in the Ming dynasty that the traditional system was revised.

On 7 January 1915, the Beiyang government promulgated a measurement law to use not only metric system as the standard but also a set of Chinese style measurement based directly on the Qing dynasty definitions (营造尺库平制). On 16 February 1929, the Nationalist government adopted and promulgated The Weights and Measures Act to adopt the metric system as the official standard and to limit the newer Chinese units of measurement to private sales and trade in Article 11, effective on 1 January 1930. These newer "market" units are based on rounded metric numbers.

The Government of the People's Republic of China continued using the market system along with metric system, as decreed by the State Council of the People's Republic of China on 25 June 1959, but 1 catty being 500 grams, would become divided into 10 (new) taels, instead of 16 (old) taels, to be converted from province to province, while exempting Chinese prescription drugs from the conversion to prevent errors. On 27 February 1984, the State Council of the People's Republic of China decreed the market system to remain acceptable until the end of 1990 and ordered the transition to the national legal measures by that time, but farmland measures would be exempt from this mandatory metrication until further investigation and study.

In 1976 the Hong Kong Metrication Ordinance allowed a gradual replacement of the system in favor of the International System of Units (SI) metric system. The Weights and Measures Ordinance defines the metric, Imperial, and Chinese units. As of 2012, all three systems are legal for trade and are in widespread use.

On 24 August 1992, Macau published Law No. 14/92/M to order that Chinese units of measurement similar to those used in Hong Kong, Imperial units, and United States customary units would be permissible for five years since the effective date of the Law, 1 January 1993, on the condition of indicating the corresponding SI values, then for three more years thereafter, Chinese, Imperial, and US units would be permissible as secondary to the SI.

+ Table of Chinese area units promulgated in 1915Relative valueMetric valueImperial valueNoteslí市厘50 mg0.001764cashfēn市分1/1000500 mg0.01764candareenqián市錢1/1005 g0.1764 ozmace or Chinese dramliǎng市兩1/1050 g1.764 oztael or Chinese ouncejīn市斤1500 g1.102 lbcatty or Chinese pound formerly 16 liang = 1 jindàn市擔10050 kg110.2 lbpicul or Chinese hundredweight

The Chinese word for gram is 克 kè; this can take the Chinese standard SI prefixes (for "milli ", "deca ", and so on). A kilogram, however, is commonly called 公斤 gōngjīn, i. e. a metric jīn.

+ Table of Chinese mass units in Hong Kong 時 (T)时 (S)8 1/3 kè 4 kè2 hours1 hour the xiǎoshí(小時, lit. minor shí) is currently a unit used to express "hour" in order to avoid ambiguity(pre Qin) 10 kè2 hours 24 minutes shíchén 時辰 (T)时辰 (S)8 1/3 kè 2 hours (pre Qin) 10 kè2 hours 24 minutes xiǎoshí 小時 (T)小时 (S) 60 fēn 1 hour rì / tiān 日/天12 shíchén24 xiǎoshí24 hours1 day

As there were hundreds of unofficial measures in use, the bibliography is quite vast. The editions of Wu Chenglou's 1937 History of Chinese Measurement were the usual standard up to the 1980s or so, but rely mostly on surviving literary accounts. Newer research has put more emphasis on archeological discoveries. A relatively recent and comprehensive bibliography, organized by period studied, has been compiled in 2012 by Cao & al. ; for a shorter list, see Wilkinson's year 2000 Chinese History.