Австрийская народная партия: история и современность

Conservative political party in Austria

The Austrian People's Party (Österreichische Volkspartei , ÖVP ) is a Christian democratic and liberal conservative political party in Austria. Since December 2021, the party has been led provisionally by Karl Nehammer. It is currently the largest party in the National Council, with 71 of the 183 seats, and won 37.5% of votes cast in the 2019 legislative election. It holds seats in all nine state legislatures, and is part of government in seven, of which it leads six. The ÖVP is a member of the International Democracy Union and the European People's Party. It sits with the EPP group in the European Parliament; of Austria's 19 MEPs, 7 are members of the ÖVP. It is the second largest party in Europe by membership. An unofficial successor to the Christian Social Party of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the ÖVP was founded immediately following the re establishment of the Republic of Austria in 1945. Since then, it has been one of the two traditional major parties in Austria, alongside the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ). It was the most popular party until 1970, and has traditionally governed in a grand coalition with the SPÖ. It was the senior partner in grand coalitions from 1945 to 1966 and the junior partner from 1986 to 2000 and 2007–2017. The ÖVP also briefly governed alone from 1966 to 1970. After the 1999 election, the party formed a coalition with the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) until 2003, when a coalition with the FPÖ splinter Alliance for the Future of Austria was formed, which lasted until 2007. The party underwent a change in its image after Sebastian Kurz became chairman, changing its colour from the traditional black to turquoise, and adopting the alternate name The New People's Party (Die neue Volkspartei). It became the largest party after the 2017 election, and formed a coalition government with the FPÖ. This collapsed eighteen months later, leading to the 2019 election, after which the ÖVP formed a new coalition with The Greens.

The ÖVP is the successor of the Christian Social Party, a staunchly conservative movement founded in 1893 by Karl Lueger, mayor of Vienna and highly controversial right wing populist. Most of the members of the party during its founding belonged to the former Fatherland Front, which was led by chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, also a member of the Christian Social Party before the Anschluss. While still sometimes honored by ÖVP members for resisting Adolf Hitler, the regime built by Dollfuss was authoritarian in nature and has been dubbed as Austrofascism. In its present form, the ÖVP was established immediately after the restoration of Austria's independence in 1945 and it has been represented in both the Federal Assembly ever since. In terms of Federal Assembly seats, the ÖVP has consistently been the strongest or second strongest party and as such it has led or at least been a partner in most Austria's federal cabinets. In the 1945 Austrian legislative election, the ÖVP won a landslide victory in Austria's first postwar election, winning almost half the popular vote and an absolute majority in the legislature. However, memories of the hyper partisanship that had plagued the First Republic prompted the ÖVP to maintain the grand coalition with the Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ) and the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) that had governed the country since the restoration of independence in early 1945. The ÖVP remained the senior partner in a coalition with the SPÖ until 1966 and governed alone from 1966 to 1970. It reentered the government in 1986, but has never been completely out of power since the restoration of Austrian independence in 1945 due to a longstanding tradition that all major interest groups were to be consulted on policy. After the 1999 Austrian legislative election, several months of negotiations ended in early 2000 when the ÖVP formed a coalition government with the right wing populist Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) led by Jörg Haider. The FPÖ had won just a few hundred more votes than the ÖVP, but was considered far too controversial to lead a government. The ÖVP's Wolfgang Schüssel became Chancellor—the first ÖVP Chancellor of Austria since 1970. This caused widespread outrage in Europe and the European Union imposed informal diplomatic sanctions on Austria, the first time that it imposed sanctions on a member state. Bilateral relations were frozen (including contacts and meetings at an inter governmental level) and Austrian candidates would not be supported for posts in European Union international offices. Austria threatened to veto all applications by countries for European Union membership until the sanctions were lifted. A few months later, these sanctions were dropped as a result of a fact finding mission by three former European prime ministers, the so called "three wise men". The 2002 legislative election resulted in a landslide victory (42.27% of the vote) for the ÖVP under Schüssel. Haider's FPÖ was reduced to 10.16% of the vote. At the state level, the ÖVP has long dominated the rural states of Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol and Vorarlberg. It is less popular in the city state of Vienna and in the rural, but less strongly Catholic states of Burgenland and Carinthia. In 2004, it lost its plurality in the State of Salzburg, where they kept its result in seats (14) in 2009. In 2005, it lost its plurality in Styria for the first time. After the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) split from the FPÖ in 2005, the BZÖ replaced the FPÖ in the government coalition which lasted until 2007. Austria for the first time had a government containing of a party that was founded during the parliamentary term. In the 2006 Austrian legislative election, the ÖVP were defeated and after much negotiations agreed to become junior partner in a grand coalition with the SPÖ, with new party chairman Wilhelm Molterer as Finance Minister and Vice Chancellor under SPÖ leader Alfred Gusenbauer, who became Chancellor. The 2008 Austrian legislative election saw the ÖVP lose 15 seats, with a further 8.35% decrease in its share of the vote. However, the ÖVP won the largest share of the vote (30.0%) in the 2009 European Parliament election with 846,709 votes, although their number of seats remained the same.

The ÖVP is described as Christian democratic, and liberal conservative. For most of its existence, the ÖVP has explicitly defined itself as Catholic and anti socialist, with the ideals of subsidiarity as defined by the encyclical Quadragesimo anno and decentralisation. For the first election after World War II, the ÖVP presented itself as the Austrian Party (die österreichische Partei), was anti Marxist and regarded itself as the Party of the center (link=no). The ÖVP consistently held power—either alone or in so called black–red coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ)—until 1970, when the SPÖ formed a minority government with the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). The ÖVP's economic policies during the era generally upheld a social market economy. The party's campaign for the 2017 legislative election under the party chairman Sebastian Kurz was dominated by a rightward shift in policy which included a promised crackdown on illegal immigration and a fight against political Islam, making it more similar to the program of the FPÖ, the party that Kurz chose as his coalition partner after the ÖVP won the election. The party underwent a change in its image after Kurz became chairman, changing its colour from the traditional black to turquoise, and adopting the name The new People's Party (Die neue Volkspartei).

The chart below shows a timeline of ÖVP chairpersons and the Chancellors of Austria. The left black bar shows all the chairpersons (Bundesparteiobleute, abbreviated as CP) of the ÖVP party and the right bar shows the corresponding make up of the Austrian government at that time. The red (SPÖ) and black (ÖVP) colours correspond to which party led the federal government (Bundesregierung, abbreviated as Govern.). The last names of the respective Chancellors are shown, with the Roman numeral standing for the cabinets.

Election Votes % Seats +/– Government 1945 1,602,227 49.8 (#1) 85 1949 1,846,581 44.0 (#1) 8 1953 1,781,777 41.3 (#2) 3 1956 1,999,986 46.0 (#1) 8 1959 1,928,043 44.2 (#2) 3 1962 2,024,501 45.4 (#1) 2 1966 2,191,109 48.3 (#1) 4 1970 2,051,012 44.7 (#2) 7 1971 1,964,713 43.1 (#2) 2 1975 1,981,291 42.9 (#2) 1979 1,981,739 41.9 (#2) 3 1983 2,097,808 43.2 (#2) 4 1986 2,003,663 41.3 (#2) 4 1990 1,508,600 32.1 (#2) 17 1994 1,281,846 27.7 (#2) 8 1995 1,370,510 28.3 (#2) 1999 1,243,672 26.9 (#3) 2002 2,076,833 42.3 (#1) 27 2006 1,616,493 34.3 (#2) 13 2008 1,269,656 26.0 (#2) 15 2013 1,125,876 24.0 (#2) 4 2017 1,341,930 31.5 (#1) 15 2019 1,789,417 37.5 (#1) 9

ElectionCandidateFirst roundSecond round Votes % Result Votes % Result 1951 Heinrich Gleißner 1,725,451 40.1 2,006,322 47.9 1957 Wolfgang Denk 2,159,604 48.9 1963 Julius Raab 1,814,125 40.6 1965 Alfons Gorbach 2,324,436 49.3 1971 Kurt Waldheim 2,224,809 47.2 1974 Alois Lugger 2,238,470 48.3 1980No candidate 1986 Kurt Waldheim 2,343,463 49.6 2,464,787 53.9 1992 Thomas Klestil 1,728,234 37.2 2,528,006 56.9 1998 Thomas Klestil 2,644,034 63.4 2004 Benita Ferrero Waldner 1,969,326 47.6 2010No candidate 2016 Andreas Khol 475,767 11.1 2022No candidate

Election Votes % Seats +/– 1996 1,124,921 29.7 (#1) 7 1999 859,175 30.7 (#2) 2004 817,716 32.7 (#2) 1 2009 858,921 30.0 (#1) 2014 761,896 27.0 (#1) 1 2019 1,305,954 34.6 (#1) 2

State Year Votes % Seats +/– Government Burgenland 2020 56,728 30.6 (#2) 0 Carinthia 2023 51,637 17.0 (#3) 1 Lower Austria 2023 359,194 39.9 (#1) 6 Salzburg 2023 81,752 30.4 (#1) 3 Styria 2019 217,036 36.0 (#1) 4 Tyrol 2022 119,167 34.7 (#1) 3 Upper Austria 2021 303,835 37.6 (#1) 1 Vienna 2020 148,238 20.4 (#2) 15 Vorarlberg 2019 71,911 43.5 (#1) 1