Терапия Мориты: японский подход к лечению тревоги и ипохондрии, основанный на дзен-буддизме. Принятие чувств, определение целей и действие – ключевые принципы.
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Содержание
Введение
Японский психолог Масатакэ Морита (森田 正馬), также читаемый как Сёма Морита, был основателем терапии Морита – направления клинической психологии, находящегося под сильным влиянием дзен-буддизма. Работая руководителем психиатрического отделения крупной токийской больницы, Морита начал разрабатывать свои методы, помогая пациентам, страдающим шинкеисицу, или тревожными расстройствами с гипохондрическими проявлениями.
Japanese psychologist
Masatake Morita (森田 正馬), also read as Shōma Morita, was the founder of Morita therapy, a branch of clinical psychology strongly influenced by Zen Buddhism. In his capacity as the head of psychiatry for a large Tokyo hospital, Morita began developing his methods while working with sufferers of shinkeishitsu, or anxiety disorders with a hypochondriac base.
Теория и методы
По словам Мориты, то, как человек чувствует, важно как ощущение и как индикатор настоящего момента, но неконтролируемо: мы не создаём чувства, чувства происходят с нами. Поскольку чувства не вызывают наше поведение, мы можем сосуществовать с неприятными чувствами, при этом предпринимая конструктивные действия. Суть метода Мориты можно резюмировать в трёх правилах: примите все свои чувства, знайте свою цель (или цели) и делайте то, что нужно сделать. Когда однажды спросили, что должны делать стеснительные люди, Морита ответил: «Потейте».
According to Morita, how a person feels is important as a sensation and as an indicator for the present moment, but is uncontrollable: we don't create feelings, feelings happen to us. Since feelings do not cause our behavior, we can coexist with unpleasant feelings while still taking constructive action. The essence of Morita's method maybe summarized in three rules: Accept all your feelings, know your purpose(s), and do what needs to be done. When once asked what shy people should do, Morita replied, "Sweat." Accept your feelings Accepting feelings is not ignoring them or avoiding them, but welcoming them; Vietnamese poet and writer Thich Nhat Hanh recommends we say, "Hello Loneliness, how are you today? Come, sit by me and I will take care of you." Morita's advice: "In feelings, it is best to be wealthy and generous" that is, have many and let them fly as they wish. Know your purpose Implicit in Morita's method, and the traditional Buddhist psychological principles which he adapted, is an independence of thought and action, something a little alien to the Western ideal to "follow our whims and moods". Morita held that we can no more control our thoughts than we can control the weather, as both are phenomena of most amazingly complex natural systems. And if we have no hope of controlling our emotions, we can hardly be held responsible any more than we can be held responsible for feeling hot or cold. We do, however, have complete dominion over our behavior, and for Morita, that is a sacred responsibility. "What needs doing now?" is like a mantra in his methods. Do what needs doing One can feel crushed and alone or hurt and homicidal while pulling up the weeds in your garden, but one would not be doing it at all if one had not intended to raise flowers. Morita's way of treatment is very different from the Western diagnosis/disease model. Morita's methods lead his "students" through experiments, and in each assignment, the lesson is not explained by a master, but learned first hand, through the "doing" or taiken, that knowledge gained by direct experience.
Примите свои чувства. Принять чувства – это не игнорировать их или избегать их, а приветствовать их; вьетнамский поэт и писатель Тих Нят Хан рекомендует нам говорить: «Здравствуй, одиночество, как ты сегодня? Присаживайся рядом со мной, и я позабочусь о тебе». Совет Мориты: «В чувствах лучше быть богатым и щедрым», то есть иметь много чувств и позволять им проявляться так, как они хотят.
According to Morita, how a person feels is important as a sensation and as an indicator for the present moment, but is uncontrollable: we don't create feelings, feelings happen to us. Since feelings do not cause our behavior, we can coexist with unpleasant feelings while still taking constructive action. The essence of Morita's method maybe summarized in three rules: Accept all your feelings, know your purpose(s), and do what needs to be done. When once asked what shy people should do, Morita replied, "Sweat." Accept your feelings Accepting feelings is not ignoring them or avoiding them, but welcoming them; Vietnamese poet and writer Thich Nhat Hanh recommends we say, "Hello Loneliness, how are you today? Come, sit by me and I will take care of you." Morita's advice: "In feelings, it is best to be wealthy and generous" that is, have many and let them fly as they wish. Know your purpose Implicit in Morita's method, and the traditional Buddhist psychological principles which he adapted, is an independence of thought and action, something a little alien to the Western ideal to "follow our whims and moods". Morita held that we can no more control our thoughts than we can control the weather, as both are phenomena of most amazingly complex natural systems. And if we have no hope of controlling our emotions, we can hardly be held responsible any more than we can be held responsible for feeling hot or cold. We do, however, have complete dominion over our behavior, and for Morita, that is a sacred responsibility. "What needs doing now?" is like a mantra in his methods. Do what needs doing One can feel crushed and alone or hurt and homicidal while pulling up the weeds in your garden, but one would not be doing it at all if one had not intended to raise flowers. Morita's way of treatment is very different from the Western diagnosis/disease model. Morita's methods lead his "students" through experiments, and in each assignment, the lesson is not explained by a master, but learned first hand, through the "doing" or taiken, that knowledge gained by direct experience.
Знайте свою цель. В методе Мориты и традиционных буддийских психологических принципах, которые он адаптировал, подразумевается независимость мысли и действия, что-то несколько чуждое западному идеалу «следовать своим прихотям и настроениям». Морита утверждал, что мы не можем контролировать свои мысли больше, чем можем контролировать погоду, поскольку оба явления – это проявления удивительно сложных природных систем. И если мы не можем надеяться контролировать свои эмоции, то вряд ли можем нести ответственность за них, как и за ощущение жары или холода. Однако мы полностью властвуем над своим поведением, и для Мориты это священная ответственность. «Что нужно сделать сейчас?» – это как мантра в его методах.
According to Morita, how a person feels is important as a sensation and as an indicator for the present moment, but is uncontrollable: we don't create feelings, feelings happen to us. Since feelings do not cause our behavior, we can coexist with unpleasant feelings while still taking constructive action. The essence of Morita's method maybe summarized in three rules: Accept all your feelings, know your purpose(s), and do what needs to be done. When once asked what shy people should do, Morita replied, "Sweat." Accept your feelings Accepting feelings is not ignoring them or avoiding them, but welcoming them; Vietnamese poet and writer Thich Nhat Hanh recommends we say, "Hello Loneliness, how are you today? Come, sit by me and I will take care of you." Morita's advice: "In feelings, it is best to be wealthy and generous" that is, have many and let them fly as they wish. Know your purpose Implicit in Morita's method, and the traditional Buddhist psychological principles which he adapted, is an independence of thought and action, something a little alien to the Western ideal to "follow our whims and moods". Morita held that we can no more control our thoughts than we can control the weather, as both are phenomena of most amazingly complex natural systems. And if we have no hope of controlling our emotions, we can hardly be held responsible any more than we can be held responsible for feeling hot or cold. We do, however, have complete dominion over our behavior, and for Morita, that is a sacred responsibility. "What needs doing now?" is like a mantra in his methods. Do what needs doing One can feel crushed and alone or hurt and homicidal while pulling up the weeds in your garden, but one would not be doing it at all if one had not intended to raise flowers. Morita's way of treatment is very different from the Western diagnosis/disease model. Morita's methods lead his "students" through experiments, and in each assignment, the lesson is not explained by a master, but learned first hand, through the "doing" or taiken, that knowledge gained by direct experience.
Делайте то, что нужно сделать. Можно чувствовать себя раздавленным и одиноким или обиженным и озлобленным, вырывая сорняки в саду, но вы бы не делали этого, если бы не намеревались выращивать цветы. Метод лечения Мориты сильно отличается от западной модели диагностики/болезни. Методы Мориты ведут его «учеников» через эксперименты, и в каждом задании урок не объясняется мастером, а усваивается из первых рук, через «действие» или таикен – знание, полученное непосредственным опытом.
According to Morita, how a person feels is important as a sensation and as an indicator for the present moment, but is uncontrollable: we don't create feelings, feelings happen to us. Since feelings do not cause our behavior, we can coexist with unpleasant feelings while still taking constructive action. The essence of Morita's method maybe summarized in three rules: Accept all your feelings, know your purpose(s), and do what needs to be done. When once asked what shy people should do, Morita replied, "Sweat." Accept your feelings Accepting feelings is not ignoring them or avoiding them, but welcoming them; Vietnamese poet and writer Thich Nhat Hanh recommends we say, "Hello Loneliness, how are you today? Come, sit by me and I will take care of you." Morita's advice: "In feelings, it is best to be wealthy and generous" that is, have many and let them fly as they wish. Know your purpose Implicit in Morita's method, and the traditional Buddhist psychological principles which he adapted, is an independence of thought and action, something a little alien to the Western ideal to "follow our whims and moods". Morita held that we can no more control our thoughts than we can control the weather, as both are phenomena of most amazingly complex natural systems. And if we have no hope of controlling our emotions, we can hardly be held responsible any more than we can be held responsible for feeling hot or cold. We do, however, have complete dominion over our behavior, and for Morita, that is a sacred responsibility. "What needs doing now?" is like a mantra in his methods. Do what needs doing One can feel crushed and alone or hurt and homicidal while pulling up the weeds in your garden, but one would not be doing it at all if one had not intended to raise flowers. Morita's way of treatment is very different from the Western diagnosis/disease model. Morita's methods lead his "students" through experiments, and in each assignment, the lesson is not explained by a master, but learned first hand, through the "doing" or taiken, that knowledge gained by direct experience.
Влияние
Дэвид К. Рейнольдс, американский писатель, объединил элементы терапии Мориты с практикой Найкан, создав «Конструктивное Жизнестроение» – образовательный метод, разработанный для англоязычных жителей Запада. С тех пор «Конструктивное Жизнестроение» приобрело огромную популярность в Японии, и Рейнольдс – единственный иностранец, удостоенный премии Кора и премии Мориты от Японской ассоциации терапии Мориты. Фриц Перлс провел неделю в больнице, практикующей терапию Мориты, в Японии.
David K. Reynolds, an American author, synthesized parts of Morita therapy along with the practice of Naikan into Constructive Living, an educational method intended for English speaking Westerners. Constructive Living has since become extremely popular in Japan, and Reynolds is the only non Japanese citizen to receive the Kora Prize and the Morita Prize by the Morita Therapy Association of Japan. Fritz Perls spent a week in a Morita Hospital in Japan.