Рекорды скорости на суше: от Дорoти Левитт до Джесси Комбс

Highest speed achieved by a person in a land vehicle

The land speed record (LSR) or absolute land speed record is the highest speed achieved by a person using a vehicle on land. By a 1964 agreement between the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), respective governing bodies for racing in automobiles and motorcycles (two or three wheels), both bodies recognise as the absolute LSR whatever is the highest speed record achieved across any of their various categories. FIA LSRs are officiated and validated by its regional or national affiliate organizations. Speed measurement is standardized over a course measuring either or , averaged over two runs with flying start (commonly called "passes") going in opposite directions within one hour. A new record mark must exceed the previous one by at least one percent to be validated.

The FIA does not recognize separate men's and women's land speed records, because the records are set using motorized vehicles, and not muscle powered vehicles, so the gender of the driver does not matter; however, unofficial women's records have long been claimed, seemingly starting with Dorothy Levitt's 1906 record in Blackpool, England, and, unlike the FIA and other car racing organisations, Guinness World Records does recognize gender based land speed records. In 1906, Dorothy Levitt broke the women's world speed record for the flying kilometer, recording a speed of and receiving the sobriquet the "Fastest Girl on Earth". She drove a six cylinder Napier motorcar, a development of the K5, in a speed trial in Blackpool. in 1963, Paula Murphy drove a Studebaker Avanti to at the Bonneville Salt Flats as part of Andy Granatelli's attempt on the overall record. The rival tire company Firestone and Art Arfons hit back against Goodyear and Walt Arfons when Betty Skelton drove Art's Cyclops to achieve a two way average of in September 1965. According to author Rachel Kushner, Craig Breedlove had talked Lee into taking the car out for a record attempt in order to monopolize the salt flats for the day and block one of his competitors from making a record attempt. In 1976, the women's absolute record was set by Kitty O'Neil, in the jet powered, three wheeled SMI Motivator, at the Alvord Desert. Held back by her contract with a sponsor and using only 60 percent of her car's power, O'Neil reached an average speed of
On October 9, 2013, driver Jessi Combs, in a vehicle of the North American Eagle Project running at the Alvord Desert, raised the women's four wheel land speed class record with an official run of , surpassing Breedlove's 48 year old record. Combs continued with the North American Eagle Project, whose ongoing target is the overall land speed record; as part of that effort, Combs was killed, on August 27, 2019, during an attempt to raise the four wheel record. In late June 2020, the Guinness Book of Records reclassified the August 27, 2019 speed runs as meeting its requirements, and Combs was posthumously credited with the record at , noting she was the first to break the record in 40 years.

Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed Comments Over 1 km Over 1 mile (mph) (km/h) (mph) (km/h)December 18, 1898 Achères, France Gaston de Chasseloup LaubatJeantaud DucElectric39.2463.15 Conducted over from a flying start. January 17, 1899 Achères, France Camille Jenatzy First record over November 17, 1902 Dourdan, France Maurice AugièresMors Z Paris VienneInternal combustion77.13124.13 March 31, 1904 Nice, France Louis RigollyGobron Brillié Paris Madrid Internal combustion 94.78 152.53 November 8, 1909 Brooklands, United Kingdom Victor HémeryBenz No. 1200 hp (150 kW) Internal combustion: inline 4 Benz engine 125.94 202.68 115.93 186.57 First run using electronic timingMarch 16, 1926 Ainsdale beach at Southport, United Kingdom Henry SegraveLadybird Internal combustion: a 4 litre Sunbeam Tiger 152.33 245.15 April 27, 1926 Pendine, United Kingdom J. G. Parry ThomasBabsInternal combustion: V12 Liberty L 12 aero engine169.29270.864168.74269.984April 28, 1926 Pendine, United Kingdom J. G. Parry ThomasBabs Internal combustion: V12 Liberty L 12 aero engine 172.09 275.341 171.69 274.590 February 4, 1927 Pendine, United Kingdom Malcolm CampbellNapier Campbell Blue BirdInternal combustion: W12 Napier Lion aero engine—174.88281.44February 19, 1928 Daytona Beach, United States Malcolm CampbellNapier Campbell Blue BirdInternal combustion: W12 Napier Lion aero engine 206.956333.048 March 11, 1929 Daytona Beach, United States Henry SegraveGolden ArrowInternal combustion: W12 Napier Lion aero engine 231.446372.459 Segrave was knighted for this effortFebruary 5, 1931 Daytona Beach, United States648.73Last wheel driven absolute record.

Craig Breedlove's mark of , set in Spirit of America in September 1963, was initially considered unofficial. The vehicle breached the FIA regulations on two grounds: it had only three wheels, and it was not wheel driven, since its jet engine did not supply power to its axles. Some time later, the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) created a non wheel driven category, and ratified Spirit of Americas time for this mark. In October, several four wheel jet cars surpassed the 1963 mark, but were eligible for neither FIA nor FIM ratification. Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed Comments Over 1 km Over 1 mile (mph) (km/h) (mph) (km/h)August 5, 1963 Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Craig Breedlove Spirit of AmericaTurbojet407.447655.722 November 7, 1965 Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Art ArfonsGreen MonsterTurbojet576.553927.872576.553927.872October 4, 1983 Black Rock Desert, United States Richard NobleThrust2Turbojet: 1 × Rolls Royce Avon634.0511020.406633.471019.47 First to break the speed of sound