Введение
Повторение одного выражения в рамках другого – цитирование текста и речи.
quoting text and speech
A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i. e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying. For example: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Quotations are also used to present well known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by citation to their original source; such statements are marked with (punctuated with) quotation marks. As a form of transcription, direct or quoted speech is spoken or written text that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. In narrative, it is usually enclosed in quotation marks,
Direct speech and indirect speech can also refer to the difference between speech acts where the illocutionary force is conveyed directly and indirectly, respectively. Thus, "What time is it?" is a direct speech act that might also be expressed by the indirect speech act "Do you know what time it is?" He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found since I came into this world?" he asked. Reported or normal indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world. Free indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found since he came into this world? A crucial semantic distinction between direct and indirect speech is that direct speech purports to report the exact words that were said or written, whereas indirect speech is a representation of speech in one's own words. The distinction between indirect speech and free indirect speech is mostly one of style, hence free indirect speech is sometimes described as a free indirect style.
Цитирование – это повторение предложения, фразы или отрывка из речи или текста, сказанного или написанного кем-либо. В устной речи это представление высказывания (то есть того, что говорящий действительно произнес), которое вводится с помощью вводного слова или фразы, например, глагола говорения. Например: Джон сказал: «Я сегодня видел Мэри». В устной речи цитаты также обозначаются особой просодией в дополнение к вводным конструкциям. В письменном тексте цитаты обозначаются кавычками. Цитаты также используются для представления общеизвестных частей высказываний, которые явно приписываются их первоисточнику посредством ссылки; такие высказывания выделяются (пунктуально оформляются) кавычками. Как форма транскрипции, прямая речь – это устная или письменная передача речи или мысли в ее первоначальной форме, сформулированной говорящим. В повествовании она обычно заключается в кавычки.
quoting text and speech
A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i. e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying. For example: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Quotations are also used to present well known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by citation to their original source; such statements are marked with (punctuated with) quotation marks. As a form of transcription, direct or quoted speech is spoken or written text that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. In narrative, it is usually enclosed in quotation marks,
Direct speech and indirect speech can also refer to the difference between speech acts where the illocutionary force is conveyed directly and indirectly, respectively. Thus, "What time is it?" is a direct speech act that might also be expressed by the indirect speech act "Do you know what time it is?" He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found since I came into this world?" he asked. Reported or normal indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world. Free indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found since he came into this world? A crucial semantic distinction between direct and indirect speech is that direct speech purports to report the exact words that were said or written, whereas indirect speech is a representation of speech in one's own words. The distinction between indirect speech and free indirect speech is mostly one of style, hence free indirect speech is sometimes described as a free indirect style.
Прямая и косвенная речь также могут относиться к различию между речевыми актами, в которых иллокутивная сила передается непосредственно и косвенно, соответственно. Таким образом, «Который час?» – это прямой речевой акт, который также может быть выражен косвенным речевым актом «Вы не знаете, сколько сейчас времени?». Он положил свой узел и думал о своем несчастье. «И какое же удовольствие я испытал с тех пор, как появился на свет?» – спросил он.
quoting text and speech
A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i. e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying. For example: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Quotations are also used to present well known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by citation to their original source; such statements are marked with (punctuated with) quotation marks. As a form of transcription, direct or quoted speech is spoken or written text that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. In narrative, it is usually enclosed in quotation marks,
Direct speech and indirect speech can also refer to the difference between speech acts where the illocutionary force is conveyed directly and indirectly, respectively. Thus, "What time is it?" is a direct speech act that might also be expressed by the indirect speech act "Do you know what time it is?" He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found since I came into this world?" he asked. Reported or normal indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world. Free indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found since he came into this world? A crucial semantic distinction between direct and indirect speech is that direct speech purports to report the exact words that were said or written, whereas indirect speech is a representation of speech in one's own words. The distinction between indirect speech and free indirect speech is mostly one of style, hence free indirect speech is sometimes described as a free indirect style.
Сообщенная или нормальная косвенная речь:
quoting text and speech
A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i. e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying. For example: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Quotations are also used to present well known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by citation to their original source; such statements are marked with (punctuated with) quotation marks. As a form of transcription, direct or quoted speech is spoken or written text that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. In narrative, it is usually enclosed in quotation marks,
Direct speech and indirect speech can also refer to the difference between speech acts where the illocutionary force is conveyed directly and indirectly, respectively. Thus, "What time is it?" is a direct speech act that might also be expressed by the indirect speech act "Do you know what time it is?" He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found since I came into this world?" he asked. Reported or normal indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world. Free indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found since he came into this world? A crucial semantic distinction between direct and indirect speech is that direct speech purports to report the exact words that were said or written, whereas indirect speech is a representation of speech in one's own words. The distinction between indirect speech and free indirect speech is mostly one of style, hence free indirect speech is sometimes described as a free indirect style.
Он положил свой узел и думал о своем несчастье. Он спросил себя, какое удовольствие он испытал с тех пор, как появился на свет.
quoting text and speech
A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i. e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying. For example: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Quotations are also used to present well known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by citation to their original source; such statements are marked with (punctuated with) quotation marks. As a form of transcription, direct or quoted speech is spoken or written text that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. In narrative, it is usually enclosed in quotation marks,
Direct speech and indirect speech can also refer to the difference between speech acts where the illocutionary force is conveyed directly and indirectly, respectively. Thus, "What time is it?" is a direct speech act that might also be expressed by the indirect speech act "Do you know what time it is?" He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found since I came into this world?" he asked. Reported or normal indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world. Free indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found since he came into this world? A crucial semantic distinction between direct and indirect speech is that direct speech purports to report the exact words that were said or written, whereas indirect speech is a representation of speech in one's own words. The distinction between indirect speech and free indirect speech is mostly one of style, hence free indirect speech is sometimes described as a free indirect style.
Свободная косвенная речь:
quoting text and speech
A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i. e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying. For example: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Quotations are also used to present well known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by citation to their original source; such statements are marked with (punctuated with) quotation marks. As a form of transcription, direct or quoted speech is spoken or written text that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. In narrative, it is usually enclosed in quotation marks,
Direct speech and indirect speech can also refer to the difference between speech acts where the illocutionary force is conveyed directly and indirectly, respectively. Thus, "What time is it?" is a direct speech act that might also be expressed by the indirect speech act "Do you know what time it is?" He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found since I came into this world?" he asked. Reported or normal indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world. Free indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found since he came into this world? A crucial semantic distinction between direct and indirect speech is that direct speech purports to report the exact words that were said or written, whereas indirect speech is a representation of speech in one's own words. The distinction between indirect speech and free indirect speech is mostly one of style, hence free indirect speech is sometimes described as a free indirect style.
Он положил свой узел и думал о своем несчастье. И какое же удовольствие он испытал с тех пор, как появился на свет?
quoting text and speech
A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i. e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying. For example: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Quotations are also used to present well known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by citation to their original source; such statements are marked with (punctuated with) quotation marks. As a form of transcription, direct or quoted speech is spoken or written text that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. In narrative, it is usually enclosed in quotation marks,
Direct speech and indirect speech can also refer to the difference between speech acts where the illocutionary force is conveyed directly and indirectly, respectively. Thus, "What time is it?" is a direct speech act that might also be expressed by the indirect speech act "Do you know what time it is?" He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found since I came into this world?" he asked. Reported or normal indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world. Free indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found since he came into this world? A crucial semantic distinction between direct and indirect speech is that direct speech purports to report the exact words that were said or written, whereas indirect speech is a representation of speech in one's own words. The distinction between indirect speech and free indirect speech is mostly one of style, hence free indirect speech is sometimes described as a free indirect style.
Ключевое семантическое различие между прямой и косвенной речью заключается в том, что прямая речь стремится передать точные слова, которые были сказаны или написаны, в то время как косвенная речь – это представление речи своими словами. Различие между косвенной речью и свободной косвенной речью в основном стилистическое, поэтому свободная косвенная речь иногда описывается как свободный косвенный стиль.
quoting text and speech
A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i. e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying. For example: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Quotations are also used to present well known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by citation to their original source; such statements are marked with (punctuated with) quotation marks. As a form of transcription, direct or quoted speech is spoken or written text that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. In narrative, it is usually enclosed in quotation marks,
Direct speech and indirect speech can also refer to the difference between speech acts where the illocutionary force is conveyed directly and indirectly, respectively. Thus, "What time is it?" is a direct speech act that might also be expressed by the indirect speech act "Do you know what time it is?" He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found since I came into this world?" he asked. Reported or normal indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world. Free indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found since he came into this world? A crucial semantic distinction between direct and indirect speech is that direct speech purports to report the exact words that were said or written, whereas indirect speech is a representation of speech in one's own words. The distinction between indirect speech and free indirect speech is mostly one of style, hence free indirect speech is sometimes described as a free indirect style.
Как литературный инструмент
Цитата может также относиться к многократному использованию элементов любой другой формы выражения, в особенности фрагментов художественных произведений: элементов живописи, эпизодов из фильма или отрывков музыкального произведения.
Причины использования
Цитаты используются по множеству причин: для прояснения смысла или подкрепления аргументов в работе, где они приводятся, для предоставления прямой информации о цитируемом произведении (будь то для его обсуждения, в положительном или отрицательном ключе), для выражения уважения к оригинальному произведению или автору, для создания впечатления эрудированности у использующего цитату, и/или для соблюдения авторского права. Цитаты также часто публикуются с целью вдохновения и пробуждения философских размышлений у читателя. С практической точки зрения, цитаты могут использоваться как языковые игры (в витгенштейновском понимании этого термина) для манипулирования социальным порядком и структурой общества.
Общие источники
Известные цитаты часто собираются в книгах, которые иногда называют словарями цитат или сборниками цитат. Среди них наиболее надежными и всеобъемлющими источниками считаются "Знакомые цитаты Бартлетта", "Оксфордский словарь цитат", "Колумбийский словарь цитат", "Йельский сборник цитат" и "Книга пословиц, афоризмов и знаменитых фраз Макмиллана". В дневниках и календарях часто можно встретить цитаты для развлечения или вдохновения, а небольшие специализированные рубрики в газетах и еженедельных журналах, содержащие свежие цитаты известных людей на актуальные темы, также стали распространенным явлением.
Неправильные цитаты
Многие цитаты регулярно оказываются неверными или приписываются не тем авторам, а цитаты от малоизвестных или неизвестных авторов часто приписывают гораздо более знаменитым. Примерами служат Уинстон Черчилль, которому приписывают множество политических цитат сомнительного происхождения, и Оскар Уайльд, которому порой приписывают анонимные остроумные высказывания. Некоторые цитаты, которые обычно считают взятыми из литературы, фильмов и т.п., на самом деле не встречаются в первоисточниках, а являются перефразировками имеющихся фраз. Знаменитая фраза из "Звёздного пути" "Предоставьте мне телепортацию, Скотти" в оригинальном сериале не звучала в таком виде. К другим искажённым цитатам относятся: "Только факты, мэм" (приписываемая персонажу Джека Уэбба, Джо Фрайдею, в сериале "Dragnet"), "Тяжёл венец" из пьесы Шекспира "Генрих IV, часть 2", "Элементарно, мой дорогой Уотсон" (приписываемая Шерлоку Холмсу, хотя на самом деле эта фраза прозвучала в фильмах "Приключения Шерлока Холмса" и "Возвращение Шерлока Холмса"), "Люк, я твой отец" (приписываемая Дарту Вейдеру в "Звёздных войнах"), "Сыграй ещё раз, Сэм" (приписываемая Илзе в "Касабланке"), "Тебе повезло, сопляк?" (приписываемая Гарри Каллахану в "Грязном Гарри") и "Нам не нужны ваши чёртовы значки!" (приписываемая персонажу Золотая Шляпа в фильме "Сокровище Сьерра-Мадре").
Количественная инверсия
Цитативная инверсия встречается в предложениях, где прямая речь может располагаться как до, так и после глагола говорения. Она может вызывать изменение порядка слов, когда глагол предшествует подлежащему. Инверсия подлежащего и сказуемого наиболее характерна для письменной речи и редко встречается в устной. Прямая речь может появляться перед инвертированным глаголом, но также и после подлежащего, например: "Я буду следовать за вами всю оставшуюся жизнь", – заявил мужчина. Кроме того, при инверсии не допускается добавление к подлежащему иных словосочетаний. Порядок слов: сказуемое – подлежащее.
"No, he is not a gnome", corrects the old man. b. *«No, no es un enanito», el viejo rectifica. Subject verb order unlikely for introducing quotations
"No, he is not a gnome", the old man corrects.
"Нет, он не гном", – поправляет старик.
"No, he is not a gnome", corrects the old man. b. *«No, no es un enanito», el viejo rectifica. Subject verb order unlikely for introducing quotations
"No, he is not a gnome", the old man corrects.
Запятые в кавычках на английском языке
В скобках указывается добавление или изменение к исходной цитате. Различные способы использования скобок в цитатах:
Уточнение ("Она [Мишель] – эксперт в ботанике.") Изменение регистра ("[a]ккординг к этой статье, это неправда.") Перевод ("Hola, soy Brandon [Hello, I am Brandon].") Когда добавляется "[sic]", это означает, что в оригинальном тексте есть ошибки. Например,
"Domestic cats are valued by hoomans for companionship." ("Домашние кошки ценятся людьми как компаньоны.")
Clarification ("She[Michelle] is an expert in botany.") Change in Capitalization ("[a]ccording to this article, this is untrue.") Translation ("Hola, soy Brandon [Hello, I am Brandon].") When "[sic]" is added, it means that errors are present in the original text. For example,
"Domestic cats are valued by hoomans for companionship."
Количественные маркеры
Цитативные маркеры используются для обозначения части высказывания как прямой речи (то есть цитаты). В устной речи они выполняют функцию кавычек и часто включают глагол говорения (например, сказать). Цитативный маркер обычно появляется либо перед, либо после приводимой речи или мысли, в зависимости от синтаксиса языка. В американском английском такие выражения, как be like, go и be all, являются нестандартными цитативными маркерами, часто используемыми в разговорной речи. Выражения be like и go также распространены в глазговском английском. Хотя семантически они не являются глаголами говорения, они используются для передачи того же значения. Как и глагол "сказать", выражения be like, go и be all обычно стоят перед цитатой.