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Введение
Английское владение в Северной Америке (1674–1702)
English possession in North America (1674–1702)
Западный Джерси и Восточный Джерси были двумя различными частями провинции Нью-Джерси. Политическое разделение существовало на протяжении 28 лет, с 1674 по 1702 год. Установление точного местоположения границы между Западным и Восточным Джерси часто являлось предметом разногласий.
West Jersey and East Jersey were two distinct parts of the Province of New Jersey. The political division existed for 28 years, between 1674 and 1702. Determination of an exact location for a border between West Jersey and East Jersey was often a matter of dispute.
Предыстория
Долина Делавэра была заселена индейцами Ленепи (или Делавэрами) до начала европейских исследований и колонизации, начавшихся около 1609 года, предпринятых голландцами, шведами и англичанами. Голландская Вест-Индская компания основала одно или два поселения на реке Делавэр, но к концу 1620-х годов перенесла большую часть населения на остров Манхэттен, который стал центром Новой Нидерландии. Западный и Восточный Джерси представляли собой две части Нью-Джерси. Развитие колонии Новая Швеция в нижней долине Делавэр началось в 1638 году. Большая часть шведского населения проживала на западном берегу реки Делавэр. После того как англичане восстановили форт Нассау в Новой Нидерландии, чтобы противостоять шведам, те построили форт Нья Эльфсборг на территории современного округа Салем. Форт Нья Эльфсборг располагался между современными Салемом и Аллоуэй-Крик. Колония Новая Швеция основала два основных поселения в Нью-Джерси: Свеаборг, ныне Сведсборо, и Нья Стокгольм, ныне Бриджпорт. Церковь Троицы, расположенная в Сведсборо, служила церковью Шведской церкви в этом районе. Голландцы разгромили Новую Швецию в 1655 году. Европейское заселение территории Западного Джерси было немногочисленным до английского завоевания в 1664 году. Начиная с конца 1670-х годов, квакеры стали селиться в этом районе в большом количестве, сначала в современном округе Салем, а затем в Берлингтоне, который впоследствии стал столицей Западного Джерси. До 1674 года землемеры Нью-Джерси рассматривали территорию как сотню и делили её на десятые части. Западный Джерси составлял пять десятых частей. Однако установление границ зависело от решения вопросов о землепользовании, арендной плате, которую должны были платить поселенцы, и земельных участков, которые можно было приобрести за деньги. Таким образом, потребовались годы и многочисленные обследования для разрешения пограничных споров. Округ Берлингтон был образован 17 мая 1694 года путём объединения первой и второй десятых частей. На территории Западного Джерси было проведено как минимум три обследования. Ричард Тиндалл был генеральным землемером колонии Фенвика, пятой десятой части.
The Delaware Valley had been inhabited by the Lenape (or Delaware) Indians prior to European exploration and settlement starting around 1609, undertaken by the Dutch, Swedish and English. The Dutch West India Company had established one or two Delaware River settlements, but by the late 1620s, it had moved most of its inhabitants to the island of Manhattan. This became the center of New Netherland. West Jersey and East Jersey were two sections of New Jersey. The development of the colony of New Sweden in the lower Delaware Valley began in 1638. Most of the Swedish population was on the west side of the Delaware. After the English re established New Netherland's Fort Nassau to challenge the Swedes, the latter constructed Fort Nya Elfsborg in present day Salem County. Fort Nya Elfsborg was located between present day Salem and Alloway Creek. The New Sweden colony established two primary settlements in New Jersey: Sveaborg, now Swedesboro, and Nya Stockholm, now Bridgeport. Trinity Church, located in Swedesboro, was the site of the Church of Sweden for the area. The Dutch defeated New Sweden in 1655. Settlement of the West Jersey area by Europeans was thin until the English conquest in 1664. Beginning in the late 1670s, Quakers settled in great numbers in this area, first in present day Salem County and then in Burlington. The latter became the capital of West Jersey. Before 1674, land surveyors for New Jersey considered it as a hundred and partitioned it into tenths. West Jersey comprised five of the tenths. But demarcation of the boundaries awaited settlement, the quit rents the settlers would pay, and the land surveying which the money would purchase. Thus it took years and multiple surveys to settle boundary disputes. Burlington County was formed on May 17, 1694 by combining the first and second tenths. At least three surveys were conducted of West Jersey. Richard Tindall was surveyor general of Fenwick's Colony, the fifth tenth. +Summary of Boundary LinesDateBoundary NameDescription1674Original Duke of York Line (did not recognize John Fenwick’s holdings)Barnegat Bay to Rancocas Creek on the Delaware River just north of present day Philadelphia.1676Quintipartite Deed Line (between George Carteret on the East, and William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, and Edward Byllynge on the West, except for 10% to John Fenwick)On the north from a point 41° 40' latitude on the Delaware River extending southward on a straight and direct line to the east side of Little Egg Harbor.1687William Emley / John Reid Adjustment (commissioners from West and East Jersey respectively)Adjusted description on the Delaware fifty minutes more westerly due to magnetic compass variation1687Keith Line aka Province Line (Surveyed north only to the south branch of the Raritan River)Stopped by Governor Daniel Coxe of West Jersey and Governor Robert Barclay of East Jersey1688Coxe Barclay Line SurveyExtended the Keith Line from the Raritan River along specific properties that defined the eastern boundaries of present day Morris and Sussex Counties and the northern border of Somerset County1696Thornton Line SurveyAttempted to correct errors from previous surveys1702East and West Jersey UnitedViolence became so obsessive, that East and West proprietors gave up their individual governing rights to Queen Anne1743Lawrence Line Survey (Land ownership disputes continued. West Jersey proprietors attempted to fund survey but failed. East Jersey Proprietors then hired John Lawrence)Adopted by NJ supreme court in 1855 as the final arbiter of all land disputes. Today defines boundary for Walpack, Sandyston, Stillwater, Hampton, and Green Townships
+Сводная информация о линиях границ
The Delaware Valley had been inhabited by the Lenape (or Delaware) Indians prior to European exploration and settlement starting around 1609, undertaken by the Dutch, Swedish and English. The Dutch West India Company had established one or two Delaware River settlements, but by the late 1620s, it had moved most of its inhabitants to the island of Manhattan. This became the center of New Netherland. West Jersey and East Jersey were two sections of New Jersey. The development of the colony of New Sweden in the lower Delaware Valley began in 1638. Most of the Swedish population was on the west side of the Delaware. After the English re established New Netherland's Fort Nassau to challenge the Swedes, the latter constructed Fort Nya Elfsborg in present day Salem County. Fort Nya Elfsborg was located between present day Salem and Alloway Creek. The New Sweden colony established two primary settlements in New Jersey: Sveaborg, now Swedesboro, and Nya Stockholm, now Bridgeport. Trinity Church, located in Swedesboro, was the site of the Church of Sweden for the area. The Dutch defeated New Sweden in 1655. Settlement of the West Jersey area by Europeans was thin until the English conquest in 1664. Beginning in the late 1670s, Quakers settled in great numbers in this area, first in present day Salem County and then in Burlington. The latter became the capital of West Jersey. Before 1674, land surveyors for New Jersey considered it as a hundred and partitioned it into tenths. West Jersey comprised five of the tenths. But demarcation of the boundaries awaited settlement, the quit rents the settlers would pay, and the land surveying which the money would purchase. Thus it took years and multiple surveys to settle boundary disputes. Burlington County was formed on May 17, 1694 by combining the first and second tenths. At least three surveys were conducted of West Jersey. Richard Tindall was surveyor general of Fenwick's Colony, the fifth tenth. +Summary of Boundary LinesDateBoundary NameDescription1674Original Duke of York Line (did not recognize John Fenwick’s holdings)Barnegat Bay to Rancocas Creek on the Delaware River just north of present day Philadelphia.1676Quintipartite Deed Line (between George Carteret on the East, and William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, and Edward Byllynge on the West, except for 10% to John Fenwick)On the north from a point 41° 40' latitude on the Delaware River extending southward on a straight and direct line to the east side of Little Egg Harbor.1687William Emley / John Reid Adjustment (commissioners from West and East Jersey respectively)Adjusted description on the Delaware fifty minutes more westerly due to magnetic compass variation1687Keith Line aka Province Line (Surveyed north only to the south branch of the Raritan River)Stopped by Governor Daniel Coxe of West Jersey and Governor Robert Barclay of East Jersey1688Coxe Barclay Line SurveyExtended the Keith Line from the Raritan River along specific properties that defined the eastern boundaries of present day Morris and Sussex Counties and the northern border of Somerset County1696Thornton Line SurveyAttempted to correct errors from previous surveys1702East and West Jersey UnitedViolence became so obsessive, that East and West proprietors gave up their individual governing rights to Queen Anne1743Lawrence Line Survey (Land ownership disputes continued. West Jersey proprietors attempted to fund survey but failed. East Jersey Proprietors then hired John Lawrence)Adopted by NJ supreme court in 1855 as the final arbiter of all land disputes. Today defines boundary for Walpack, Sandyston, Stillwater, Hampton, and Green Townships
Дата Название границы Описание
1674 Первоначальная линия герцога Йоркского (не признавала владения Джона Фенвика) От залива Барнегат до ручья Ранкокас на реке Делавэр, к северу от современной Филадельфии.
1676 Линия Квинтипартите (между Джорджем Картеретом на востоке и Уильямом Пенном, Гавеном Лоури, Николасом Лукасом и Эдвардом Биллинджем на западе, за исключением 10% для Джона Фенвика) От точки на 41° 40' широты на реке Делавэр, простирающейся на юг по прямой линии к восточной стороне Литтл-Эгг-Харбор.
1687 Корректировка Уильяма Эмли / Джона Рида (комиссары от Западного и Восточного Джерси соответственно) Описание на Делавэре скорректировано на пятьдесят минут западнее из-за отклонения магнитной стрелки компаса.
1687 Линия Кита (также известная как провинциальная линия) (обследована только до южной ветви реки Раритан) Остановлена губернатором Даниэлем Коуксом из Западного Джерси и губернатором Робертом Баркли из Восточного Джерси.
1688 Обследование линии Коукса-Баркли Продление линии Кита от реки Раритан вдоль конкретных участков, определяющих восточные границы современных округов Моррис и Сассекс и северную границу округа Сомерсет.
1696 Обследование линии Торнтона Попытка исправить ошибки предыдущих обследований.
1702 Объединение Восточного и Западного Джерси Насилие стало настолько неконтролируемым, что владельцы Восточного и Западного Джерси отказались от своих индивидуальных прав на управление в пользу королевы Анны.
1743 Обследование линии Лоуренса (Продолжались споры о землепользовании. Владельцы Западного Джерси попытались профинансировать обследование, но потерпели неудачу. Владельцы Восточного Джерси наняли Джона Лоуренса) Принята Верховным судом Нью-Джерси в 1855 году в качестве окончательного арбитра всех земельных споров. Сегодня определяет границы поселений Уолпак, Сандстон, Стиллуотер, Хэмптон и Грин.
The Delaware Valley had been inhabited by the Lenape (or Delaware) Indians prior to European exploration and settlement starting around 1609, undertaken by the Dutch, Swedish and English. The Dutch West India Company had established one or two Delaware River settlements, but by the late 1620s, it had moved most of its inhabitants to the island of Manhattan. This became the center of New Netherland. West Jersey and East Jersey were two sections of New Jersey. The development of the colony of New Sweden in the lower Delaware Valley began in 1638. Most of the Swedish population was on the west side of the Delaware. After the English re established New Netherland's Fort Nassau to challenge the Swedes, the latter constructed Fort Nya Elfsborg in present day Salem County. Fort Nya Elfsborg was located between present day Salem and Alloway Creek. The New Sweden colony established two primary settlements in New Jersey: Sveaborg, now Swedesboro, and Nya Stockholm, now Bridgeport. Trinity Church, located in Swedesboro, was the site of the Church of Sweden for the area. The Dutch defeated New Sweden in 1655. Settlement of the West Jersey area by Europeans was thin until the English conquest in 1664. Beginning in the late 1670s, Quakers settled in great numbers in this area, first in present day Salem County and then in Burlington. The latter became the capital of West Jersey. Before 1674, land surveyors for New Jersey considered it as a hundred and partitioned it into tenths. West Jersey comprised five of the tenths. But demarcation of the boundaries awaited settlement, the quit rents the settlers would pay, and the land surveying which the money would purchase. Thus it took years and multiple surveys to settle boundary disputes. Burlington County was formed on May 17, 1694 by combining the first and second tenths. At least three surveys were conducted of West Jersey. Richard Tindall was surveyor general of Fenwick's Colony, the fifth tenth. +Summary of Boundary LinesDateBoundary NameDescription1674Original Duke of York Line (did not recognize John Fenwick’s holdings)Barnegat Bay to Rancocas Creek on the Delaware River just north of present day Philadelphia.1676Quintipartite Deed Line (between George Carteret on the East, and William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, and Edward Byllynge on the West, except for 10% to John Fenwick)On the north from a point 41° 40' latitude on the Delaware River extending southward on a straight and direct line to the east side of Little Egg Harbor.1687William Emley / John Reid Adjustment (commissioners from West and East Jersey respectively)Adjusted description on the Delaware fifty minutes more westerly due to magnetic compass variation1687Keith Line aka Province Line (Surveyed north only to the south branch of the Raritan River)Stopped by Governor Daniel Coxe of West Jersey and Governor Robert Barclay of East Jersey1688Coxe Barclay Line SurveyExtended the Keith Line from the Raritan River along specific properties that defined the eastern boundaries of present day Morris and Sussex Counties and the northern border of Somerset County1696Thornton Line SurveyAttempted to correct errors from previous surveys1702East and West Jersey UnitedViolence became so obsessive, that East and West proprietors gave up their individual governing rights to Queen Anne1743Lawrence Line Survey (Land ownership disputes continued. West Jersey proprietors attempted to fund survey but failed. East Jersey Proprietors then hired John Lawrence)Adopted by NJ supreme court in 1855 as the final arbiter of all land disputes. Today defines boundary for Walpack, Sandyston, Stillwater, Hampton, and Green Townships