Израильская политическая система: пропорциональное представительство и коалиционные правительства.

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Israel's political system is based on proportional representation, and allows for a multi party system, with numerous parties represented in the 120 seat Knesset. A typical Knesset includes many factions represented. This is because of the low election threshold required for a seat – 1 percent of the vote from 1949 to 1992, 1.5 percent from 1992 to 2003, 2 percent from 2003 to 2014, and 3.25 percent since 2015. In the 2015 elections, for instance, ten parties or alliances cleared the threshold, and five of them won at least ten seats. The low threshold, in combination with the nationwide party list system, makes it all but impossible for a single party to win the 61 seats needed for a majority government. No party has ever won a majority of seats in an election, the most being 56, won by the Alignment grouping in the 1969 elections (the Alignment had briefly held a majority of seats before the elections, following its formation in January 1969). As a result, while only four parties (or their antecedents) have ever led governments, all Israeli governments, , have been coalitions comprising two or more parties.

Party First Knesset Last Knesset Notes IdeologyAgriculture and Development2nd4thArab satellite list Israeli Arab interestAhi16th17thBreakaway from the National Religious Party, joined the National Union alliance (2006–2008), merged into LikudReligious ZionismAhdut HaAvoda2nd5thMerged into the Labor PartyLabor ZionismAhva9th9thBreakaway from the Democratic MovementAlignment6th12thBecame the Labor PartyLabor ZionismAliya14th14thBreakaway from Yisrael BaAliyahArab Democratic Party11th13thBreakaway from the Alignment, merged into the United Arab ListIsraeli Arab interestsArab List for Bedouin and Villagers8th8thArab satellite list; merged into the United Arab List (1977)Israeli Arab interestsAtid13th13thBreakaway from YiudLiberalismBalad14th24thArab political partyPalestinian nationalismBlack Panthers12th12thBreakaway from HadashCentre Party14th15thBreakaway from Likud, Tzomet and Labor PartyCooperation and Brotherhood4th7thArab satellite list Israeli Arab interestCooperation and Development6th6thArab satellite list; merger of Cooperation and Brotherhood and Progress and Development, demerged soon afterIsraeli Arab interestDash9th9thDisbanded into the Democratic Movement, Shinui, and Ya'adDemocratic Choice15th15thBreakaway from Yisrael BaAliyah, merged into Meretz YachadDemocratic List for Israeli Arabs2nd3rdArab satellite listIsraeli Arab interestDemocratic Movement9th9thEmerged from the break up of DashDevelopment and Peace9th9thDruze Faction6th6thBreakaway from Cooperation and Brotherhood, merged into Progress and DevelopmentFaction independent of Ahdut HaAvoda2nd2ndBreakaway from Mapam, merged into MapaiFighters' List1st1stFree Centre6th8thBreakaway from Herut in 6th Knesset, breakaway from Likud in 8th KnessetGahal5th7thBecame LikudGeneral Zionists1st4thMerged into the Liberal PartyGesher13th15thBreakaway from Likud, merged back into LikudGesher – Zionist Religious Centre10th10thBreakaway from National Religious Party, merged back into NRPGeulat Yisrael10th10thBreakaway from Agudat YisraelHaOlim16th16thBreakaway from Shinui, merged into Yisrael BeiteinuHapoel HaMizrachi2nd2ndMerged into the National Religious PartyHebrew Communists1st1stBreakaway from Maki, merged into MapamHerut1st5thMerged into GahalHerut – The National Movement14th15thBreakaway from Likud, joined National Union alliance, ran unsuccessfully in the following two elections and merged back into LikudRevisionist ZionismHaTzeirim14th14thBreakaway from the Centre Party, merged into ShinuiIndependent Liberals5th9thBreakaway from the Liberal Party, merged into the AlignmentIndependent Socialist Faction8th8thBreakaway from Ya'ad – Civil Rights MovementJewish–Arab Brotherhood6th6thBreakaway from Progress and Development, merged into Cooperation and BrotherhoodThe Jewish Home18th23rdDissolved on 20 August 2023, Merged into National Religious Party–Religious ZionismReligious ZionismJustice for the Elderly17th17thBreakaway from Gil, merged back into GilKach11th11thParty bannedReligious Zionism, Kahanism Left Camp of Israel9th9thLeft Faction2nd2ndBreakaway from MapamLev15th15thBreakaway from the Centre Party, merged into LikudLiberal Party4th5thMerged into GahalMaki (original)1st7thMerged into MokedMapai1st5thMerged into the Labor PartyMapam1st12thMerged into MeretzMekhora14th14thBreakaway from Tzomet, merged into MoledetMeri6th7thOriginally named HaOlam HaZeh – Koah Hadash (until 1973)Mizrachi2nd2ndMerged into the National Religious PartyMoked7th8thMerged into the Left Camp of IsraelMorasha11th11thMoria12th12thBreakaway from ShasMovement for the Renewal of Social Zionism10th10thBreakaway from TelemNational Home16th16thBreakaway from the Secular FactionNational List7th9thMerged into LikudNational Religious Party3rd17thDisbanded when The Jewish Home formedReligious ZionismNew Liberal Party12th12thBreakaway from LikudNew Way15th15thBreakaway from the Centre PartyNoy16th16thBreakaway from One Nation, merged into KadimaOmetz9th11thBreakaway from Likud, merged into Telem, broke away again, merged into LikudOne Israel (1980)9th9thBreakaway from LikudOne Israel15th15thJoint list of Labor Party, Meimad and GesherOne Nation14th16thMerged into the Labor PartyPoalei Agudat Yisrael2nd9thProgress and Development4th8thArab satellite list; merged into the United Arab List (1977)Progress and Work2nd3rdArab satellite listProgressive List for Peace11th12thProgressive National Alliance15th15thBreakaway from the United Arab ListProgressive Party1st4thMerged into the Liberal PartyRafi5th6thBreakaway from Mapai, merged into the Labor PartyRatz8th12thMerged into MeretzReligious Torah Front3rd4thBroke up into Agudat Yisrael and Poalei Agudat YisraelSecular Faction16th16thBreakaway from ShinuiSephardim and Oriental Communities1st2ndMerged into the General ZionistsShinui9th16thMajority of representatives split to form Secular FactionShlomtzion9th9thMerged into LikudTami10th11thBreakaway from the National Religious Party, merged into the LikudTehiya9th12thBreakaway from LikudTelem9th10thBreakaway from LikudThe Right Way17th17thBreakaway from Justice for the ElderlyThe Third Way13th14thBreakaway from the Labor PartyTkuma14th17thBreakaway from the National Religious Party, joined the National Union alliance in 1999, disbanded in 2008. Religious ZionismTzalash16th16thBreakaway from ShinuiUnited Arab List (1977)8th9thMerger of the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers and Progress and Development (not related to contemporary United Arab List)United Religious Front1st1stBroke up into Agudat Yisrael, Poalei Agudat Yisrael, Mizrachi and Hapoel HaMizrachiUnity for Peace and Immigration12th12thBreakaway from the Alignment, merged into LikudUnity Party9th9thBreakaway from Dash and the Left Camp of IsraelWIZO1st1stWIZO incorporated the Union of Hebrew Women for Equal Rights in Eretz Israel (he), also known as the Women's Union, which had won seats in the Old Yishuv elections. Ya'ad9th9thEmerged from the break up of DashYa'ad – Civil Rights Movement8th8thMerger of Ratz and one other MK, split into Ratz and the Independent Socialist FactionYachad11th11thMerged into the AlignmentYemenite Association1st2ndMerged into the General Zionists but broke away laterYisrael BaAliyah14th16thMerged into LikudYiud13th13thBreakaway from Tzomet

Name Letter Political position NotesHatzohar ג Right wing Original Revisionist Zionist party, disbanded after failing to cross the electoral threshold in the 1949 elections. Popular Arab Bloc ת Left wing Arab satellite list that ran in the 1949 elections. Affiliated with MapamTafnit פ Centre Ran in the 2006 elections. Women's Party נס Centre left to Left wing Ran in the 1977 elections. Yamin Yisrael יד Right wing Broke away from Moledet, another right wing party, prior to the 1996 elections, but failed to cross the electoral threshold. The Arab List The Center צח Centre Arab satellite list that ran in the 1955 elections. Affiliated with General Zionists

Name Meaning Movement Association NotesBetar League of Joseph Trumpeldor Revisionist Likud Historically associated with Herut, and now Likud. Bnei Akiva Sons of Akiva Religious The Jewish Home Historically associated with Mafdal, and now The Jewish Home. Habonim Dror The Builders of Freedom Labor Labor Party Associated with the Labor Zionist movement, and now unofficially with the Israeli Labor Party. Hashomer Hatzair The Young Guard Labor Meretz Associated with the left faction of Labor Zionist, historically associated with Mapam, and now unofficially with Meretz. HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed The Working and Learning Youth Labor Labor Party Associated with the Labor Zionist movement, Histadrut, and now unofficially with the Israeli Labor Party. Meretz Youth Meretz Youth Labor Meretz Youth wing of Meretz (under 18). Noar HaAvoda Labor Youth Labor Labor Party Young wing of the Israeli Labor Party (under 18). Noar HaIhud HaLeumi National Union Youth Religious Religious Zionist Youth wing of the Religious Zionist Party. Noar HaGvaot Hilltop Youth Religious Otzma Yehudit Historically associated with Kach, and its various successor parties. Noar Yesh Atid Yesh Atid Youth Liberal Yesh Atid Youth wing of Yesh Atid (under 18). HaMahanot HaOlim The Immigrants Camps Labor None Associated with the Labor Zionist movement. HaNoar HaTzioni The Zionist Youth Liberal None Historically associated with the General Zionists. Ariel Lion of God Religious Religious Zionist Split from Bnei Akiva, unofficially associated with Religious Zionist Party. HaNoar HaDati HaOved VeHaLomed The Religious Working and Studying Youth Religious None Founded in 1952, historically associated with Hapoel HaMizrachi.נוער הליכוד The Likud Youth Revisionist Likud Youth wing of Likud (under 18). Young Meretz Young Meretz Labor Meretz Young wing of Meretz (18 35).