Испано-американская война: Битвы и итоги

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During the Spanish–American War, the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Navy fought 30 significant battles against the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy. Of these, 27 occurred in the Caribbean theater and three in the Pacific theater. The Caribbean theater consisted of two campaigns — the Puerto Rico campaign, which had ten battles, and the Cuba campaign, with 17 battles — while the Pacific theater had one campaign — the Philippine campaign, with two battles — and the capture of Guam.

The United States Navy battleship Maine was mysteriously sunk in Havana harbor on 15 February 1898; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid. Spain promised multiple times that it would reform the government of Cuba, but never delivered. The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender control of Cuba on 20 April. After the ultimatum was sent, Madrid declared war on 23 April and Washington responded with its own declaration two days later. The main issue was Cuban independence; the ten week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. After the declaration of war, the U. S. Navy blockaded ports such as Havana and Cardenas. The Spanish attempted to lift the blockades on Cardenas and Matanzas, The U. S. installed a military government in Cuba immediately after the Treaty of Paris, and eventually let it become an independent republic in 1902. The Philippines also rebelled against U. S. control, which led to the Philippine–American War lasting from 1899 to 1902. The Spanish also sold the rest of their Pacific islands to Germany under the German–Spanish Treaty.

+ Battle Date Conclusion Battle of Manila Bay May 1, 1898 Decisive American victory, destruction of Spanish Navy′s Pacific squadron. Battle of Manila August 13, 1898 American Filipino victory, capture of Manila.

+ Battle Date Conclusion Capture of Guam June 20–21, 1898 US victory, capture of Guam from the Spanish.

+ Battles Date Conclusion Battle of Matanzas April 25, 1898 US victory, blockades of the Spanish port of Matanzas. Second Battle of Cardenas May 11, 1898 Spanish victory, loosening of the blockade on Cuba. Battle of Guantánamo Bay June 6–10, 1898 American victory, capture of Guantánamo Bay. Battle of Las Guasimas June 24, 1898 American victory, town of Sevilla captured. Battle of Tayacoba June 30, 1898 Spanish victory, Americans fail to land troops. First Battle of Manzanillo June 30, 1898 Spanish victory, American gunboats fail to capture Manzanillo harbor. Battle of El Caney July 1, 1898 Inconclusive. American forces succeeded on capturing El Caney fort and protecting the right flank at San Juan Hill, but suffered delays and heavy casualties. Second Battle of Manzanillo July 1, 1898 Spanish victory, a second attempt to capture Manzanillo harbor fails. Battle of Aguacate July 1, 1898 Cuban victory, many Spanish forces continue retreat to Santiago. Battle of Santiago de Cuba July 3, 1898 American victory, destruction of six Spanish ships escaping from Santiago harbor. Siege of Santiago de Cuba July 3–17, 1898 American/Cuban victory, surrender of the city of Santiago de Cuba. Third Battle of Manzanillo July 18, 1898 American victory, destruction of Spanish squadron in Manzanillo harbor. Battle of Mani Mani July 23, 1898 Spanish victory, American landing fails.

+ Battle Date Conclusion Bombardment of San Juan May 12, 1898 Spanish defenses damaged. Second Battle of San Juan June 22, 1898 US victory, Spanish attempts to break U. S. blockade fails. Battle of Guayama August 5, 1898 US victory, capture of Guayama Battle of Coamo August 8–9, 1898 US victory, capture of Coamo. Battle of Fajardo August 8–9, 1898 Inconclusive. Battle of Silva Heights August 10, 1898 US victory, capture of Silva Heights. Battle of Mayaguez August 11, 1898 US victory, Spanish forces retreated before the US forces arrived.