Контейнеровозы: История и развитие

Ship that carries cargo in intermodal containers
Hide header=Header caption=Ship class=Ship tonnage=Ship displacement=Ship length=Ship beam=Ship height=Ship draught=Ship draft=Ship depth=Ship hold depth=Ship decks=Ship deck clearance=Ship ramps=Ship ice class=Ship power=Ship propulsion= Typically diesel since 1990 Break bulk cargoes, in contrast, are transported in packages, and are generally manufactured goods. Before the advent of containerization in the 1950s, break bulk items required manual loading, lashing, unlashing and unloading from the ship one piece at a time. This stevedoring process became more efficient by grouping cargo into containers, of cargo, or up to about , is moved at once and each container is secured to the ship once in a standardized way. Containerization has increased the efficiency of moving traditional break bulk cargoes significantly, reducing shipping time by 84% and costs by 35%. In 2001, more than 90% of world trade in non bulk goods was transported in ISO containers. In 2009, almost one quarter of the world's dry cargo was shipped by container, an estimated 125 million TEU or 1.19 billion tonnes worth of cargo. The first ships designed to carry standardized load units were used in the late 18th century in England. In 1766 James Brindley designed the box boat "Starvationer" with 10 wooden containers, to transport coal from Worsley Delph to Manchester via the Bridgewater Canal. Before the Second World War, the first container ships were used to carry the baggage of the luxury passenger train from London to Paris (Southern Railway's Golden Arrow / La Flèche d'Or). These containers were loaded in London or Paris, and carried to ports of Dover or Calais on flat cars. In February 1931, the first container ship in the world was launched; the Autocarrier, owned by Southern Railway UK. It had 21 slots for containers of Southern Railway. The earliest container ships after the Second World War were converted oil tankers, built up from surplus T2 tankers after World War II. In 1951, the first purpose built container vessels began operating in Denmark, and between Seattle and Alaska. The first commercially successful container ship was , a T2 tanker, owned by Malcom McLean, which carried 58 metal containers between Newark, New Jersey and Houston, Texas, on its first voyage. In 1955, McLean built his company, McLean Trucking into one of the United States' biggest freighter fleets. In 1955, he purchased the small Pan Atlantic Steamship Company from Waterman Steamship and adapted its ships to carry cargo in large uniform metal containers. On April 26, 1956, the first of these rebuilt container vessels, Ideal X, left the Port Newark in New Jersey and a new revolution in modern shipping resulted. MV Kooringa was the world's first fully cellular, purpose built container ship. and was built by Australian company Associated Steamships, a partnership formed by the 1964 merger of the Adelaide Steamship Company with McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co, then commissioned in May 1964. Container ships were designed to accommodate intermodal transport of goods, and eliminated requirements for the individual hatches, holds and other dividers of traditional cargo ships. The hull of a typical container ship is similar to an airport hangar, or a huge warehouse, which is divided into individual holding cells, using vertical guide rails. The ship's cells are designed to hold cargo containers, which are typically constructed of steel, though sometimes of aluminum, fiberglass or plywood, and designed for intermodal transfers between ship and train, truck or semi trailer. Shipping containers are categorized by type, size and function. Today, about 90% of non bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container by about 50,000 container ships. Modern container ships can carry over 24,000 TEU. The largest container ships measure about in length, and carry loads equal to the cargo carrying capacity of sixteen to seventeen pre World War II freighter ships. Architecture
There are several key points in the design of modern container ships. The hull, similar to that of bulk carriers and general cargo ships, is built around a strong keel. Into this frame is set one or more below deck cargo holds, numerous tanks, and the engine room. The holds are topped by hatch covers, onto which more containers can be stacked. Many container ships have cargo cranes installed on them, and some have specialized systems for securing containers on board. The hull of a modern cargo ship is a complex arrangement of steel plates and strengthening beams. Resembling ribs, and fastened at right angles to the keel, are the ship's frames. The double bottoms generally hold liquids such as fuel oil, ballast water or fresh water.]] Container ships are distinguished into 7 major size categories: small feeder, feeder, feedermax, Panamax, Post Panamax, Neopanamax and ultra large. The size of a Panamax vessel is limited by the original Panama canal's lock chambers, which can accommodate ships with a beam of up to 32.31 m, a length overall of up to 294.13 m, and a draft of up to 12.04 m. The Post Panamax category has historically been used to describe ships with a moulded breadth over 32.31 m, however the Panama Canal expansion project has caused some changes in terminology. The Neopanamax category is based on the maximum vessel size that is able to transit a new third set of locks, which opened in June 2016. Such a vessel, called Neopanamax class, is wide enough to carry 19 columns of containers, can have a total capacity of approximately 12,000 TEU and is comparable in size to a capesize bulk carrier or a Suezmax tanker. This size of vessel is the most likely to carry cargo cranes on board. Length Beam Draft ExampleUltra Large Container Vessel (ULCV)14,501 and higher1200 feet (366 m) and longer160.7 feet (49 m) and wider49.9 feet (15 m) and deeper With a length of 400 m, a beam of 59 m, draft of 14.5 m, and a capacity of 18,270 TEU, ships of the Maersk Triple E class are able to transit the Suez canal. Photo: MV Mærsk Mc Kinney Møller New Panamax (or Neopanamax)10,000–14,500 1200 feet (366 m) 160.7 feet (49 m) 49.9 feet (15 m) With a beam of 43 m, ships of the COSCO Guangzhou class are much too big to fit through the Panama Canal's old locks, but could easily fit through the new expansion. Photo: The 9,500 TEU pierside in Hamburg Post Panamax5,101–10,000Panamax3,001–5,100 965 feet (294 m) 106 feet (32 m) 39.5 feet (12 m)Ships of the Bay class are at the upper limit of the Panamax class, with an overall length of 292.15 m, beam of 32.2m, and maximum depth of 13.3 m. Photo: The 4,224 TEU MV Providence Bay passing through the Panama CanalFeedermax2,001–3,000 Container ships under 3,000 TEU are typically called feeders. In some areas of the world, they might be outfitted with cargo cranes. Photo: The 384 TEU at anchor Feeder1,001–2,000Small feederUp to 1,000

A major characteristic of a container ship is whether it has cranes installed for handling its cargo. Those that have cargo cranes are called geared and those that do not are called ungeared or gearless. The earliest purpose built container ships in the 1970s were all gearless. Since then, the percentage of geared newbuilds has fluctuated widely, but has been decreasing overall, with only 7.5% of the container ship capacity in 2009 being equipped with cranes. These cranes, specialized for container work, are able to roll forward and aft on rails. The record was achieved using 9 cranes to simultaneously load and unload , a ship with a capacity of 9,600 TEU. While containers may be carried on conventional break bulk ships, cargo holds for dedicated container ships are specially constructed to speed loading and unloading, and to efficiently keep containers secure while at sea. The hatch openings stretch the entire breadth of the cargo holds, and are surrounded by a raised steel structure known as the hatch coaming. Today, some hatch covers can be solid metal plates that are lifted on and off the ship by cranes, while others are articulated mechanisms that are opened and closed using powerful hydraulic rams. Another key component of dedicated container ship design is the use of cell guides. The first coordinate is the bay, which starts at the front of the ship and increases aft. Carrier53 since 2022 ) can carry 53 foot containers. 40 foot containers are the primary container size, making up about 90% of all container shipping and since container shipping moves 90% of the world's freight, over 80% of the world's freight moves via 40 foot containers.

Container traffic through a port is often tracked in terms of twenty foot equivalent units or TEU of throughput. as of 2019, the Port of Shanghai was the world's busiest container port, with 43,303,000 TEU handled. That year, seven of the busiest ten container ports were in the People's Republic of China, with Shanghai in 1st place, Ningbo 3rd, Shenzhen 4th, Guangzhou 5th, Qingdao 7th, Hong Kong 8th and Tianjin 9th. and 10,000 containers at sea each year, costing $370 million. A survey for the six years 2008 through 2013 estimates average losses of individual containers overboard at 546 per year, and average total losses including catastrophic events such as vessel sinkings or groundings at 1,679 per year More recently, a survey conducted by the WSC from 2008–2019, saw an average of 1,382 shipping containers lost at sea. However, in the 3 year period from 2017–2019, that number was nearly halved, down to an average of 779 containers lost annually. Most go overboard on the open sea during storms but there are some examples of whole ships being lost with their cargo. One major shipping accident occurred in 2013 when the MOL Comfort sank with 4,293 containers onboard in the Indian Ocean. When containers are dropped, they immediately become an environmental threat – termed "marine debris". Once in the ocean, they fill with water and sink if the contents cannot hold air. Rough waters smash the container, sinking it quickly.

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