Введение
Мелодия часов Вестминстерский квартал, используемая в Вестминстерском дворце, – это мелодия, воспроизводимая набором из четырех четвертных колоколов для обозначения каждого четверти часа. Она также известна как Вестминстерские переливы, Кембриджский квартал или Кембриджские переливы, по месту своего происхождения – церкви Святой Марии Великой в Кембридже.
The Westminster Quarters, from its use at the Palace of Westminster, is a melody used by a set of four quarter bells to mark each quarter hour. It is also known as the Westminster Chimes, Cambridge Quarters, or Cambridge Chimes, from its place of origin, the Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge. Quarter bellPitchWeightDiameterFirstG41.1t1.1mSecondF41.3t1.2mThirdE41.7t1.4mFourthB34.0t1.8m
The quarters consist of five changes, combinations of the four pitches provided by these quarter bells (G4, F4, E4, B3) in the key E major. This generates five unique changes as follows:
G4, F4, E4, B3
E4, G4, F4, B3
E4, F4, G4, E4
G4, E4, F4, B3
B3, F4, G4, E4
Each of the five changes is played as three crotchets (quarter note) and a minim (half note) and are always played in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This sequence of five changes is used twice every hour as follows:
First quarter, change 1. Half hour, changes 2 and 3. Third quarter, changes 4, 5 and 1
The full hour, changes 2, 3, 4 and 5 followed by one strike for each hour past 12 midnight or 12 noon struck on the Great Bell known as Big Ben in E3. The number of changes used matches the number of quarter hours passed. Because the five changes are used twice, and in the same sequence, the mechanism that trips the hammers needs to be programmed with only five changes instead of ten, reducing its complexity. Both the third quarter and the full hour require the fourth quarter bell, B3, to be rung twice in quick succession (changes 4,5,1 and 2,3,4,5); too quick for the hammer to draw back for the second strike. To address this, the fourth quarter bell is equipped with two hammers on opposite sides and becomes, effectively, a fifth bell for the mechanism to play. The first and third quarters finish on the dominant, B, while the half and full hours finish on the tonic, E, producing the satisfying musical effect that has contributed to the popularity of the chimes. The following sounds have been recreated as electronic, MIDI files and do not necessarily represent the actual sounds of the bells and that the pitch of the Big Ben clip is closer to F than E in modern concert pitch. An actual recording may be heard in the summary section above. First quarter:Half hour:Third quarter:Full hour (3 o'clock example):
Четвертный колокол | Высота | Вес | Диаметр
---|---|---|---
Первый | G4 | 1.1 т | 1.1 м
Второй | F4 | 1.3 т | 1.2 м
Третий | E4 | 1.7 т | 1.4 м
Четвертый | B3 | 4.0 т | 1.8 м
The Westminster Quarters, from its use at the Palace of Westminster, is a melody used by a set of four quarter bells to mark each quarter hour. It is also known as the Westminster Chimes, Cambridge Quarters, or Cambridge Chimes, from its place of origin, the Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge. Quarter bellPitchWeightDiameterFirstG41.1t1.1mSecondF41.3t1.2mThirdE41.7t1.4mFourthB34.0t1.8m
The quarters consist of five changes, combinations of the four pitches provided by these quarter bells (G4, F4, E4, B3) in the key E major. This generates five unique changes as follows:
G4, F4, E4, B3
E4, G4, F4, B3
E4, F4, G4, E4
G4, E4, F4, B3
B3, F4, G4, E4
Each of the five changes is played as three crotchets (quarter note) and a minim (half note) and are always played in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This sequence of five changes is used twice every hour as follows:
First quarter, change 1. Half hour, changes 2 and 3. Third quarter, changes 4, 5 and 1
The full hour, changes 2, 3, 4 and 5 followed by one strike for each hour past 12 midnight or 12 noon struck on the Great Bell known as Big Ben in E3. The number of changes used matches the number of quarter hours passed. Because the five changes are used twice, and in the same sequence, the mechanism that trips the hammers needs to be programmed with only five changes instead of ten, reducing its complexity. Both the third quarter and the full hour require the fourth quarter bell, B3, to be rung twice in quick succession (changes 4,5,1 and 2,3,4,5); too quick for the hammer to draw back for the second strike. To address this, the fourth quarter bell is equipped with two hammers on opposite sides and becomes, effectively, a fifth bell for the mechanism to play. The first and third quarters finish on the dominant, B, while the half and full hours finish on the tonic, E, producing the satisfying musical effect that has contributed to the popularity of the chimes. The following sounds have been recreated as electronic, MIDI files and do not necessarily represent the actual sounds of the bells and that the pitch of the Big Ben clip is closer to F than E in modern concert pitch. An actual recording may be heard in the summary section above. First quarter:Half hour:Third quarter:Full hour (3 o'clock example):
Кварты состоят из пяти комбинаций, образованных четырьмя тонами этих четвертных колоколов (G4, F4, E4, B3) в тональности E мажор. Это создает пять уникальных последовательностей:
The Westminster Quarters, from its use at the Palace of Westminster, is a melody used by a set of four quarter bells to mark each quarter hour. It is also known as the Westminster Chimes, Cambridge Quarters, or Cambridge Chimes, from its place of origin, the Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge. Quarter bellPitchWeightDiameterFirstG41.1t1.1mSecondF41.3t1.2mThirdE41.7t1.4mFourthB34.0t1.8m
The quarters consist of five changes, combinations of the four pitches provided by these quarter bells (G4, F4, E4, B3) in the key E major. This generates five unique changes as follows:
G4, F4, E4, B3
E4, G4, F4, B3
E4, F4, G4, E4
G4, E4, F4, B3
B3, F4, G4, E4
Each of the five changes is played as three crotchets (quarter note) and a minim (half note) and are always played in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This sequence of five changes is used twice every hour as follows:
First quarter, change 1. Half hour, changes 2 and 3. Third quarter, changes 4, 5 and 1
The full hour, changes 2, 3, 4 and 5 followed by one strike for each hour past 12 midnight or 12 noon struck on the Great Bell known as Big Ben in E3. The number of changes used matches the number of quarter hours passed. Because the five changes are used twice, and in the same sequence, the mechanism that trips the hammers needs to be programmed with only five changes instead of ten, reducing its complexity. Both the third quarter and the full hour require the fourth quarter bell, B3, to be rung twice in quick succession (changes 4,5,1 and 2,3,4,5); too quick for the hammer to draw back for the second strike. To address this, the fourth quarter bell is equipped with two hammers on opposite sides and becomes, effectively, a fifth bell for the mechanism to play. The first and third quarters finish on the dominant, B, while the half and full hours finish on the tonic, E, producing the satisfying musical effect that has contributed to the popularity of the chimes. The following sounds have been recreated as electronic, MIDI files and do not necessarily represent the actual sounds of the bells and that the pitch of the Big Ben clip is closer to F than E in modern concert pitch. An actual recording may be heard in the summary section above. First quarter:Half hour:Third quarter:Full hour (3 o'clock example):
G4, F4, E4, B3
E4, G4, F4, B3
E4, F4, G4, E4
G4, E4, F4, B3
B3, F4, G4, E4
The Westminster Quarters, from its use at the Palace of Westminster, is a melody used by a set of four quarter bells to mark each quarter hour. It is also known as the Westminster Chimes, Cambridge Quarters, or Cambridge Chimes, from its place of origin, the Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge. Quarter bellPitchWeightDiameterFirstG41.1t1.1mSecondF41.3t1.2mThirdE41.7t1.4mFourthB34.0t1.8m
The quarters consist of five changes, combinations of the four pitches provided by these quarter bells (G4, F4, E4, B3) in the key E major. This generates five unique changes as follows:
G4, F4, E4, B3
E4, G4, F4, B3
E4, F4, G4, E4
G4, E4, F4, B3
B3, F4, G4, E4
Each of the five changes is played as three crotchets (quarter note) and a minim (half note) and are always played in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This sequence of five changes is used twice every hour as follows:
First quarter, change 1. Half hour, changes 2 and 3. Third quarter, changes 4, 5 and 1
The full hour, changes 2, 3, 4 and 5 followed by one strike for each hour past 12 midnight or 12 noon struck on the Great Bell known as Big Ben in E3. The number of changes used matches the number of quarter hours passed. Because the five changes are used twice, and in the same sequence, the mechanism that trips the hammers needs to be programmed with only five changes instead of ten, reducing its complexity. Both the third quarter and the full hour require the fourth quarter bell, B3, to be rung twice in quick succession (changes 4,5,1 and 2,3,4,5); too quick for the hammer to draw back for the second strike. To address this, the fourth quarter bell is equipped with two hammers on opposite sides and becomes, effectively, a fifth bell for the mechanism to play. The first and third quarters finish on the dominant, B, while the half and full hours finish on the tonic, E, producing the satisfying musical effect that has contributed to the popularity of the chimes. The following sounds have been recreated as electronic, MIDI files and do not necessarily represent the actual sounds of the bells and that the pitch of the Big Ben clip is closer to F than E in modern concert pitch. An actual recording may be heard in the summary section above. First quarter:Half hour:Third quarter:Full hour (3 o'clock example):
Каждая из пяти последовательностей исполняется как три четверти и одна половинная нота, всегда в порядке 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Эта последовательность из пяти комбинаций используется дважды в час следующим образом:
The Westminster Quarters, from its use at the Palace of Westminster, is a melody used by a set of four quarter bells to mark each quarter hour. It is also known as the Westminster Chimes, Cambridge Quarters, or Cambridge Chimes, from its place of origin, the Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge. Quarter bellPitchWeightDiameterFirstG41.1t1.1mSecondF41.3t1.2mThirdE41.7t1.4mFourthB34.0t1.8m
The quarters consist of five changes, combinations of the four pitches provided by these quarter bells (G4, F4, E4, B3) in the key E major. This generates five unique changes as follows:
G4, F4, E4, B3
E4, G4, F4, B3
E4, F4, G4, E4
G4, E4, F4, B3
B3, F4, G4, E4
Each of the five changes is played as three crotchets (quarter note) and a minim (half note) and are always played in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This sequence of five changes is used twice every hour as follows:
First quarter, change 1. Half hour, changes 2 and 3. Third quarter, changes 4, 5 and 1
The full hour, changes 2, 3, 4 and 5 followed by one strike for each hour past 12 midnight or 12 noon struck on the Great Bell known as Big Ben in E3. The number of changes used matches the number of quarter hours passed. Because the five changes are used twice, and in the same sequence, the mechanism that trips the hammers needs to be programmed with only five changes instead of ten, reducing its complexity. Both the third quarter and the full hour require the fourth quarter bell, B3, to be rung twice in quick succession (changes 4,5,1 and 2,3,4,5); too quick for the hammer to draw back for the second strike. To address this, the fourth quarter bell is equipped with two hammers on opposite sides and becomes, effectively, a fifth bell for the mechanism to play. The first and third quarters finish on the dominant, B, while the half and full hours finish on the tonic, E, producing the satisfying musical effect that has contributed to the popularity of the chimes. The following sounds have been recreated as electronic, MIDI files and do not necessarily represent the actual sounds of the bells and that the pitch of the Big Ben clip is closer to F than E in modern concert pitch. An actual recording may be heard in the summary section above. First quarter:Half hour:Third quarter:Full hour (3 o'clock example):
Первая четверть – комбинация 1. Полчаса – комбинации 2 и 3. Третья четверть – комбинации 4, 5 и 1.
Полный час – комбинации 2, 3, 4 и 5, за которыми следует один удар за каждый час после 12 ночи или 12 дня, производимый Большим Колоколом, известным как Биг Бен, в E3. Количество используемых комбинаций соответствует количеству прошедших четвертей часа. Поскольку пять комбинаций используются дважды и в одной и той же последовательности, механизм, приводящий в действие молотки, необходимо запрограммировать только на пять комбинаций вместо десяти, что упрощает его конструкцию. И для третьей четверти, и для полного часа требуется, чтобы четвертый колокол (B3) прозвучал дважды подряд (комбинации 4, 5, 1 и 2, 3, 4, 5); слишком быстро для того, чтобы молоток успел вернуться в исходное положение для второго удара. Чтобы решить эту проблему, четвертый колокол оснащен двумя молотками с противоположных сторон и фактически становится пятым колоколом для механизма. Первая и третья четверти заканчиваются на доминанте, а полчаса и полный час – на тонике, создавая приятный музыкальный эффект, который способствовал популярности переливов. Приведенные ниже звуки воссозданы в виде электронных MIDI-файлов и не обязательно соответствуют реальным звукам колоколов, а высота тона фрагмента с Биг Беном в современном концертном строе ближе к F, чем к E. Реальную запись можно прослушать в разделе "Краткое содержание" выше.
The Westminster Quarters, from its use at the Palace of Westminster, is a melody used by a set of four quarter bells to mark each quarter hour. It is also known as the Westminster Chimes, Cambridge Quarters, or Cambridge Chimes, from its place of origin, the Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge. Quarter bellPitchWeightDiameterFirstG41.1t1.1mSecondF41.3t1.2mThirdE41.7t1.4mFourthB34.0t1.8m
The quarters consist of five changes, combinations of the four pitches provided by these quarter bells (G4, F4, E4, B3) in the key E major. This generates five unique changes as follows:
G4, F4, E4, B3
E4, G4, F4, B3
E4, F4, G4, E4
G4, E4, F4, B3
B3, F4, G4, E4
Each of the five changes is played as three crotchets (quarter note) and a minim (half note) and are always played in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This sequence of five changes is used twice every hour as follows:
First quarter, change 1. Half hour, changes 2 and 3. Third quarter, changes 4, 5 and 1
The full hour, changes 2, 3, 4 and 5 followed by one strike for each hour past 12 midnight or 12 noon struck on the Great Bell known as Big Ben in E3. The number of changes used matches the number of quarter hours passed. Because the five changes are used twice, and in the same sequence, the mechanism that trips the hammers needs to be programmed with only five changes instead of ten, reducing its complexity. Both the third quarter and the full hour require the fourth quarter bell, B3, to be rung twice in quick succession (changes 4,5,1 and 2,3,4,5); too quick for the hammer to draw back for the second strike. To address this, the fourth quarter bell is equipped with two hammers on opposite sides and becomes, effectively, a fifth bell for the mechanism to play. The first and third quarters finish on the dominant, B, while the half and full hours finish on the tonic, E, producing the satisfying musical effect that has contributed to the popularity of the chimes. The following sounds have been recreated as electronic, MIDI files and do not necessarily represent the actual sounds of the bells and that the pitch of the Big Ben clip is closer to F than E in modern concert pitch. An actual recording may be heard in the summary section above. First quarter:Half hour:Third quarter:Full hour (3 o'clock example):
Первая четверть:
Полчаса:
Третья четверть:
Полный час (пример в 3 часа):
The Westminster Quarters, from its use at the Palace of Westminster, is a melody used by a set of four quarter bells to mark each quarter hour. It is also known as the Westminster Chimes, Cambridge Quarters, or Cambridge Chimes, from its place of origin, the Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge. Quarter bellPitchWeightDiameterFirstG41.1t1.1mSecondF41.3t1.2mThirdE41.7t1.4mFourthB34.0t1.8m
The quarters consist of five changes, combinations of the four pitches provided by these quarter bells (G4, F4, E4, B3) in the key E major. This generates five unique changes as follows:
G4, F4, E4, B3
E4, G4, F4, B3
E4, F4, G4, E4
G4, E4, F4, B3
B3, F4, G4, E4
Each of the five changes is played as three crotchets (quarter note) and a minim (half note) and are always played in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This sequence of five changes is used twice every hour as follows:
First quarter, change 1. Half hour, changes 2 and 3. Third quarter, changes 4, 5 and 1
The full hour, changes 2, 3, 4 and 5 followed by one strike for each hour past 12 midnight or 12 noon struck on the Great Bell known as Big Ben in E3. The number of changes used matches the number of quarter hours passed. Because the five changes are used twice, and in the same sequence, the mechanism that trips the hammers needs to be programmed with only five changes instead of ten, reducing its complexity. Both the third quarter and the full hour require the fourth quarter bell, B3, to be rung twice in quick succession (changes 4,5,1 and 2,3,4,5); too quick for the hammer to draw back for the second strike. To address this, the fourth quarter bell is equipped with two hammers on opposite sides and becomes, effectively, a fifth bell for the mechanism to play. The first and third quarters finish on the dominant, B, while the half and full hours finish on the tonic, E, producing the satisfying musical effect that has contributed to the popularity of the chimes. The following sounds have been recreated as electronic, MIDI files and do not necessarily represent the actual sounds of the bells and that the pitch of the Big Ben clip is closer to F than E in modern concert pitch. An actual recording may be heard in the summary section above. First quarter:Half hour:Third quarter:Full hour (3 o'clock example):
История
Вестминстерские куранты были первоначально написаны в 1793 году для новых часов в церкви Великой Святой Марии, университетской церкви в Кембридже. Существуют некоторые сомнения относительно того, кто именно является их автором: Джозеф Джоуэтт, профессор гражданского права, получил это задание, но ему, вероятно, помогал либо Джон Рэндалл (1715–1799), профессор музыки с 1755 года, либо его студент, Уильям Кротч (1775–1847). Традиционно, хотя и без достаточных оснований, считается, что этот перезвон представляет собой набор вариаций на четыре ноты, составляющие пятую и шестую такты арии "Я знаю, что мой Искупитель жив" из оратории "Мессия" Генделя. refn|Как, например, утверждается в примечании 16 Харрисона, который, в свою очередь, ссылается на Стармера (1907). Именно поэтому этот перезвон исполняется также колоколами так называемой Красной башни в Галле, родном городе Генделя. В 1851 году Эдмунд Беккетт Денисон (любитель-часовщик и выпускник Тринити-колледжа Кембриджа, знакомый с перезвоном Великой Святой Марии) использовал его для новых часов во Вестминстерском дворце, где находится колокол Биг-Бен. Оттуда его слава распространилась. Сегодня это один из самых распространенных перезвонов для часов с боем. Согласно церковным записям Тринити-Эпископальной церкви (Уильямспорт, Пенсильвания), эта последовательность перезвона была включена в механизм башенных часов, изготовленных компанией E. Howard & Co. в Бостоне, штат Массачусетс. Часы и перезвон в основании колокольни Троицы были освящены в декабре 1875 года. Они имеют отличие быть первыми башенными часами в Соединенных Штатах, воспроизводящими Кембриджские куранты.
Harrison’s note 16 in turn cites Starmer (1907), This is why the chime is also played by the bells of the so called Red Tower in Halle, the native town of Handel. In 1851, the chime was adopted by Edmund Beckett Denison (an amateur horologist, and graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, who was familiar with the Great St Mary's chime) for the new clock at the Palace of Westminster, where the bell Big Ben hangs. From there its fame spread. It is now one of the most commonly used chimes for striking clocks. According to the church records of Trinity Episcopal Church (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), this chime sequence was incorporated into a tower clock mechanism by E. Howard & Co., Boston, Massachusetts. The clock and chime in Trinity's steeple base was dedicated in December 1875. It holds the distinction of being the first tower clock in the United States to sound the Cambridge Quarters.
Другие применения
Лондонская симфония Ральфа Вогана Уильямса включает в себя переходы в полчаса, 2 и 3, в начале произведения и первые три перехода в час, 2, 3 и 4, в конце. Композитор легкой музыки Эрик Коутс включил эту музыку в "Вестминстер", "Медитацию" и вторую часть своей Лондонской сюиты (1933). "Вестминстерский вальс", легкая оркестровая пьеса Роберта Фарнона (1956), использует мелодию колоколов. Тематическая музыка Ронни Хейзлхерста для сатирического телесериала "Да, министр" (1980–1984) и его продолжения "Да, премьер-министр" (1986–1988), о британском политике и его взаимодействии с чиновниками, которые формально ему подчиняются, в значительной степени основана на мелодии колоколов (хотя с большей продолжительностью первой ноты каждой четверти, что, возможно, делает происхождение менее очевидным). На вопрос в интервью о влиянии Вестминстера, Хейзлхерст ответил: "Это все, что есть. Это самое простое, что я когда-либо делал". Произведение под названием Carillon de Westminster, основанное на мелодии колоколов, было написано для органа французским композитором и органистом Луи Вирном. Песня "11 O'Clock Tick Tock" (1980) рок-группы U2 включает в себя мелодию третьего четверти в качестве гитарной гармоники. Песня "Clock Strikes Ten" группы Cheap Trick содержит гитарное соло, основанное на переходах 4 и 5. Песня "Cider", サイダー, Akai Ko en (2014) включает в себя мелодию третьего четверти. Композиция, основанная на мелодии колоколов, была написана в форме ладранг для центрально-яванского гамелана. Она имеет различные названия: ladrang Wesminster, ladrang Wesmister, ladrang Wèsmèster и т.д. Футбольная кричалка, известная как "Pompey" среди местных футбольных болельщиков в Портсмуте, Англия, является вариацией Вестминстерских переливов. "Pompey" – это прозвище города Портсмут, а песня "Pompey Chimes" возникла из-за близлежащих колоколов в здании Гильдии Портсмута, построенном в 1890 году. На стадионе "Янки" мелодия колоколов звучит каждый раз, когда игрок команды "Нью-Йорк Янкиз" зарабатывает очко, традиция, которая началась на их первоначальном стадионе (в начале песни "Workaholic" группы 2 Unlimited). На железнодорожных станциях в Индонезии мелодия колоколов используется для оповещения об отправлении и прибытии поездов. По прибытии мелодия непрерывно повторяется до отправления, которое может длиться до 15 минут. В большинстве школ Японии и Тайваня мелодия колоколов используется для обозначения начала и окончания уроков. В конце мультфильма Warner Bros. Now Hear This (1963) звучат первые четыре ноты Вестминстерских переливов, чтобы представить четыре элемента абстрактной надписи "WB", затем, когда появляется надпись "A Warner Bros. CartOOn", звонит Биг Бен, и когда буквы "OO" в слове "Cartoon" отделяются, трижды звучит велосипедный гудок. Биг Бен издает еще один звон, когда надпись полностью появляется на экране перед затемнением. Мелодию колоколов можно услышать в 6 экранах победы в нескольких играх серии Five Nights at Freddy's, в частности в играх 1, 2, 3 и Ultimate Custom Night. Тема битвы Академии в Pokémon Stadium 2 для Nintendo 64 начинается с перехода в полчаса. К новому тысячелетию в 1999 году London Records выпустила запись часов под названием "Millennium Chimes", указав в качестве исполнителя "Big Ben". В неделю, закончившуюся 8 января 2000 года (включая покупки, сделанные до 31 декабря 1999 года), она достигла 53-го места в чартах.