Огюст де Мармон: французский маршал, герцог Рагузский. Участвовал в Пиренейской войне, перешел на сторону Бурбонов. Изгнан из Франции за неудачную оборону Парижа.
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Содержание
Введение
Французский маршал
French Marshal
Огюст Фредерик Луи Виес де Мармон (20 июля 1774 – 22 марта 1852) – французский генерал и дворянин, достигший звания маршала Империи и удостоенного титула герцога Рагузского. В Пиренейской войне Мармон сменил опального Андре Массена на посту командующего французской армией в Северной Испании, но потерпел решительное поражение в битве при Саламанке, что в конечном итоге привело к поражению Франции в войне в Испании. В конце войны Шестой коалиции Мармон перешёл на сторону Реставрации и оставался верен Бурбонам во время Ста дней. Это принесло Мармону репутацию предателя среди оставшихся бонапартистов и в французском обществе в целом. Он возглавил роялистский парижский гарнизон во время Июльской революции 1830 года, но его усилия оказались неспособны подавить восстание, что побудило короля Карла X обвинить Мармона в предательстве Бурбонов, подобно тому, как он предал Бонапартов. Мармон покинул Францию вместе с окружением Карла и больше никогда туда не возвращался. Проведя большую часть изгнания в Вене и других землях Австрийской империи, он умер в Венеции в 1852 году.
Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont (20 July 1774 – 22 March 1852) was a French general and nobleman who rose to the rank of Marshal of the Empire and was awarded the title Duke of Ragusa In the Peninsular War Marmont succeeded the disgraced André Masséna in the command of the French army in northern Spain, but lost decisively at the Battle of Salamanca as France ultimately lost the war in Spain. At the close of the War of the Sixth Coalition, Marmont went over to the Restoration and remained loyal to the Bourbons through the Hundred Days. This gave Marmont a reputation as a traitor among the remaining Bonapartists, and in French society more broadly. He led the royalist Paris garrison during the July Revolution in 1830, but his efforts proved incapable of quelling the revolution, leading King Charles X to accuse Marmont of betraying the Bourbons as he had betrayed the Bonapartes. Marmont departed France with Charles's entourage and never returned to France. Spending his exile mostly in Vienna and other lands of the Austrian Empire, he died in Venice in 1852.
Ранние годы и карьера
Мармон родился в Шатильоне-сюр-Сен, сыном бывшего офицера армии, принадлежавшего к мелкой знати и принявшего принципы Революции. Его любовь к военной службе вскоре проявилась, и отец взял его в Дижон для изучения математики перед поступлением в артиллерию. Там он познакомился с Наполеоном Бонапартом, с которым возобновил общение после получения своего первого офицерского чина, когда служил в Тулоне. Знакомство переросло в близкие отношения; Мармон стал адъютантом генерала Бонапарта, оставался с ним во время опалы и сопровождал его в Италию и Египет, где проявил себя и получил звание бригадного генерала. В 1799 году он вернулся в Европу вместе со своим начальником. Он присутствовал при перевороте 18 брюмера и организовал артиллерию для экспедиции в Италию, которой успешно командовал при Маренго. За это он немедленно был произведен в генералы дивизии. В 1801 году он стал генеральным инспектором артиллерии, а в 1804 году – великим офицером ордена Почетного легиона. Однако он был сильно разочарован тем, что его не включили в список офицеров, удостоенных звания маршала. Мармон прибыл вовремя, чтобы принять участие в битве при Ваграме 5 и 6 июля. В ходе последующего преследования эрцгерцога Карла корпус Мармона оказался в затруднительном положении и был спасен лишь прибытием Наполеона с крупными подкреплениями. Наполеон произвел его в маршалы Империи, хотя и заметил: «Между нами, ты не сделал достаточно, чтобы полностью оправдать мой выбор». О трех маршалах, назначенных после Ваграма, французские солдаты говорили:
Marmont was born at Châtillon sur Seine, the son of an ex officer in the army who belonged to the petite noblesse and adopted the principles of the Revolution. His love of soldiering soon showed itself, and his father took him to Dijon to learn mathematics before entering the artillery. There, he made the acquaintance of Napoleon Bonaparte, which he renewed after obtaining his commission when he served in Toulon. The acquaintance ripened into intimacy; Marmont became General Bonaparte's aide de camp, remained with him during his disgrace and accompanied him to Italy and Egypt, winning distinction and promotion to general of brigade. In 1799, he returned to Europe with his chief. He was present at the coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire and organized the artillery for the expedition to Italy, which he commanded with great effect at Marengo. For this, he was at once made general of division. In 1801, he became inspector general of artillery, and in 1804, grand officer of the Legion of Honour. However, he was greatly disappointed at being omitted from the list of officers who were made marshals. Marmont arrived in time to fight in the Battle of Wagram on 5 and 6 July. In the subsequent pursuit of Archduke Charles, Marmont's corps was in a compromising position and was rescued only by the arrival of Napoleon with heavy reinforcements. Napoleon made him a Marshal of the Empire, though he said, "Between ourselves, you have not done enough to justify entirely my choice." Of the three marshals created after Wagram, the French soldiers said,
MacDonald is France's choiceOudinot is the army's choiceMarmont is friendship's choice. Marmont was appointed governor general of all the Illyrian provinces of the empire. This region included the Venetian protectorate Croatian port city state of Ragusa. In May 1811, Marmont was hastily summoned to succeed Masséna in the command of the French army in northern Spain. Despite the presence of the British army, his relief of Ciudad Rodrigo was a great feat. The manoeuvering which preceded the Battle of Salamanca was not successful, however, as Wellington ordered his cavalry to charge Marmont's unsuspecting left flank in the battle and inflicted a great defeat on the French. Marmont and his deputy commander Comte Jean Pierre François Bonet were both struck by shrapnel very early in the battle. Marmont was gravely wounded in the right arm and side, and command of the battle passed to Bertrand Clauzel. He retired to France to recover.
Макдональд – выбор Франции,
Одино – выбор армии,
Мармон – выбор дружбы.
Marmont was born at Châtillon sur Seine, the son of an ex officer in the army who belonged to the petite noblesse and adopted the principles of the Revolution. His love of soldiering soon showed itself, and his father took him to Dijon to learn mathematics before entering the artillery. There, he made the acquaintance of Napoleon Bonaparte, which he renewed after obtaining his commission when he served in Toulon. The acquaintance ripened into intimacy; Marmont became General Bonaparte's aide de camp, remained with him during his disgrace and accompanied him to Italy and Egypt, winning distinction and promotion to general of brigade. In 1799, he returned to Europe with his chief. He was present at the coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire and organized the artillery for the expedition to Italy, which he commanded with great effect at Marengo. For this, he was at once made general of division. In 1801, he became inspector general of artillery, and in 1804, grand officer of the Legion of Honour. However, he was greatly disappointed at being omitted from the list of officers who were made marshals. Marmont arrived in time to fight in the Battle of Wagram on 5 and 6 July. In the subsequent pursuit of Archduke Charles, Marmont's corps was in a compromising position and was rescued only by the arrival of Napoleon with heavy reinforcements. Napoleon made him a Marshal of the Empire, though he said, "Between ourselves, you have not done enough to justify entirely my choice." Of the three marshals created after Wagram, the French soldiers said,
MacDonald is France's choiceOudinot is the army's choiceMarmont is friendship's choice. Marmont was appointed governor general of all the Illyrian provinces of the empire. This region included the Venetian protectorate Croatian port city state of Ragusa. In May 1811, Marmont was hastily summoned to succeed Masséna in the command of the French army in northern Spain. Despite the presence of the British army, his relief of Ciudad Rodrigo was a great feat. The manoeuvering which preceded the Battle of Salamanca was not successful, however, as Wellington ordered his cavalry to charge Marmont's unsuspecting left flank in the battle and inflicted a great defeat on the French. Marmont and his deputy commander Comte Jean Pierre François Bonet were both struck by shrapnel very early in the battle. Marmont was gravely wounded in the right arm and side, and command of the battle passed to Bertrand Clauzel. He retired to France to recover.
Мармон был назначен генерал-губернатором всех иллирийских провинций империи. Этот регион включал в себя венецианский протекторат и хорватский портовый город-государство Рагузу. В мае 1811 года Мармон был спешно вызван на замену Массене на должность командующего французской армией в Северной Испании. Несмотря на присутствие британской армии, освобождение Сиудад-Родриго стало для него большим достижением. Однако маневрирование, предшествовавшее битве при Саламанке, не увенчалось успехом, поскольку Веллингтон приказал своей кавалерии атаковать незащищенный левый фланг Мармона и нанес французской армии сокрушительное поражение. Мармон и его заместитель, граф Жан-Пьер Франсуа Боне, оба были ранены осколками в самом начале битвы. Мармон получил тяжелое ранение в правую руку и бок, и командование перешло к Бертрану Клаузелю. Он вернулся во Францию для лечения.
Marmont was born at Châtillon sur Seine, the son of an ex officer in the army who belonged to the petite noblesse and adopted the principles of the Revolution. His love of soldiering soon showed itself, and his father took him to Dijon to learn mathematics before entering the artillery. There, he made the acquaintance of Napoleon Bonaparte, which he renewed after obtaining his commission when he served in Toulon. The acquaintance ripened into intimacy; Marmont became General Bonaparte's aide de camp, remained with him during his disgrace and accompanied him to Italy and Egypt, winning distinction and promotion to general of brigade. In 1799, he returned to Europe with his chief. He was present at the coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire and organized the artillery for the expedition to Italy, which he commanded with great effect at Marengo. For this, he was at once made general of division. In 1801, he became inspector general of artillery, and in 1804, grand officer of the Legion of Honour. However, he was greatly disappointed at being omitted from the list of officers who were made marshals. Marmont arrived in time to fight in the Battle of Wagram on 5 and 6 July. In the subsequent pursuit of Archduke Charles, Marmont's corps was in a compromising position and was rescued only by the arrival of Napoleon with heavy reinforcements. Napoleon made him a Marshal of the Empire, though he said, "Between ourselves, you have not done enough to justify entirely my choice." Of the three marshals created after Wagram, the French soldiers said,
MacDonald is France's choiceOudinot is the army's choiceMarmont is friendship's choice. Marmont was appointed governor general of all the Illyrian provinces of the empire. This region included the Venetian protectorate Croatian port city state of Ragusa. In May 1811, Marmont was hastily summoned to succeed Masséna in the command of the French army in northern Spain. Despite the presence of the British army, his relief of Ciudad Rodrigo was a great feat. The manoeuvering which preceded the Battle of Salamanca was not successful, however, as Wellington ordered his cavalry to charge Marmont's unsuspecting left flank in the battle and inflicted a great defeat on the French. Marmont and his deputy commander Comte Jean Pierre François Bonet were both struck by shrapnel very early in the battle. Marmont was gravely wounded in the right arm and side, and command of the battle passed to Bertrand Clauzel. He retired to France to recover.
Бурбон
Мармонт оставался верен восстановленному королю Бурбонов Людовику XVIII во время Ста дней, и после Ватерлоо проголосовал за казнь маршала Нея. Он был возведен в звание пэра Франции и назначен генерал-майором королевской гвардии, а в 1820 году стал рыцарем ордена Святого Духа и великим офицером ордена Святого Людовика. В июле 1830 года, во время Июльской революции, он был генерал-майором дежурной гвардии и получил приказ подавить любое сопротивление Июльским ордонансам твердой рукой. Хотя сам он был против придворной политики, он все же старался исполнять свой долг и отказался от попыток подавить революцию только тогда, когда стало очевидно, что его войска уступают противнику. Это повлекло за собой еще большую критику, и Карл X даже приказал его арестовать, сказав: "Возможно, еще более впечатляющим является его изучение и анализ испанского театра военных действий. Он изучал понимание Веллингтоном природы войны, отказываясь вступать в бой с англичанами, если местность не была выбрана самим Мармонтом. Это привело к серии маневров, в которых Мармонт часто одерживал верх. Мармонт понимал важность взаимодействия в Испании, поддерживая своих соратников-маршалов. Тактически Мармонт был смертельно опасен и быстр в атаке, но склонен к небрежности, что и стало причиной его двух поражений.
Marmont stayed loyal to the restored Bourbon king Louis XVIII during the Hundred Days, and following Waterloo, voted in favour of the execution of Marshal Ney. He was made a Peer of France and a major general of the royal guard, and in 1820, a knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit and a grand officer of the Order of St Louis. He was the major general of the guard on duty in July 1830 during the July Revolution and was ordered to put down with a strong hand any opposition to the July Ordinances. Himself opposed to the court policy, he nevertheless tried to do his duty and only gave up the attempt to suppress the revolution when it became clear that his troops were outmatched. This brought more obloquy upon him, and Charles X even ordered him arrested, saying: Perhaps even more impressive is his study and evaluation of the Spanish theater of the war. He studied Wellington's nature of war, refusing to give battle against the British unless the ground was of Marmont's choosing. This led to a series of manoeuvres where Marmont frequently had the upper hand. Marmont understood the importance of cooperation in the Peninsula by supporting his fellow marshals. Tactically Marmont was deadly and quick to strike, but prone to sloppiness which caused him his two defeats.