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Введение
Трубопровод Каньо Лимон – Ковеньяс — это нефтепровод в Колумбии, проходящий от нефтяного месторождения Каньо Лимон в муниципалитетах Араука и Араукита департамента Араука, на границе с Венесуэлой, до Ковеньяса на карибском побережье Колумбии. Он находится в совместном владении государственной нефтяной компании Ecopetrol и американской компании Occidental Petroleum. Длина трубопровода составляет [укажите длину].
The Caño Limón – Coveñas pipeline is a crude oil pipeline in Colombia from the Caño Limón oilfield in the municipalities of Arauca and Arauquita in Arauca Department on the border of Venezuela to Coveñas on Colombia's Caribbean coastline. It is jointly owned by the state oil firm Ecopetrol, and U. S. company Occidental Petroleum. The pipeline is long.
История
Трубопровод был открыт в 1986 году. За время своего существования трубопровод часто подвергался нападениям партизанских организаций, выступающих против правительства Колумбии. Национальная освободительная армия (ELN), традиционно участвующая в подобных атаках, заявила в коммюнике, что "в нашей стране энергетическая политика не ставит во главу угла инвестиции (в Колумбии), а скорее эксплуатацию и потребление, которые ставят под угрозу будущие поколения". Вместе с FARC они неоднократно саботировали и взрывали участки трубопровода. Правительство Колумбии в ответ на это усилило военное присутствие в регионе. В течение нескольких лет с производителей нефти в регионе взимался налог на безопасность, а сами производители также подвергались вымогательству и похищениям со стороны партизан. Occidental Petroleum также заключила контракт с охранной фирмой AirScan для оказания помощи колумбийским военным в защите своих операций. Атаки на нефтепроводы, 2001–2004 гг.
The pipeline was opened in 1986. During its existence, the pipeline has often been attacked by guerrilla organizations that oppose the Colombian government. The National Liberation Army (ELN), which has traditionally been involved in such attacks, charged in a communique that "in our country, energy policy does not prioritize investment (in Colombia) but rather exploitation and consumption that sacrifices future generations." Together with the FARC, they have repeatedly sabotaged and exploded sections of the pipeline. The Colombian government has militarized the area in response. For several years a security tax was imposed on oil producers in the region, which have also been targeted by guerrilla extortion and kidnappings. Occidental Petroleum also contracted the security firm AirScan to aid the Colombian military in the defense of its operations. Attacks on Oil Pipelines, 2001 20042001200220032004All pipelines26374 179 103 Caño Limón Coveñas170 41 34 17Source: Ministry of Defense, Government of Colombia. In 2001, there were 170 attacks on the pipeline. The pipeline was out of operation for 266 days of that year. The government estimates that these bombings potentially reduced the GDP of Colombia by 0.5%. Occidental Petroleum lobbied and testified for increased American involvement in protecting the pipeline. The government of the United States increased military aid by $98 million, in 2003, to Colombia to assist in the effort to defend the pipeline. Attacks on the pipeline have subsequently been reduced during the following years. In 1998, AirScan misidentified the village of Santo Domingo as a hostile guerrilla target, leading to a December 18 cluster bomb attack by the Colombian military which killed eighteen civilians, including nine children. The incident led to different legal actions against all the parties involved, some of which are still in progress.
The pipeline was opened in 1986. During its existence, the pipeline has often been attacked by guerrilla organizations that oppose the Colombian government. The National Liberation Army (ELN), which has traditionally been involved in such attacks, charged in a communique that "in our country, energy policy does not prioritize investment (in Colombia) but rather exploitation and consumption that sacrifices future generations." Together with the FARC, they have repeatedly sabotaged and exploded sections of the pipeline. The Colombian government has militarized the area in response. For several years a security tax was imposed on oil producers in the region, which have also been targeted by guerrilla extortion and kidnappings. Occidental Petroleum also contracted the security firm AirScan to aid the Colombian military in the defense of its operations. Attacks on Oil Pipelines, 2001 20042001200220032004All pipelines26374 179 103 Caño Limón Coveñas170 41 34 17Source: Ministry of Defense, Government of Colombia. In 2001, there were 170 attacks on the pipeline. The pipeline was out of operation for 266 days of that year. The government estimates that these bombings potentially reduced the GDP of Colombia by 0.5%. Occidental Petroleum lobbied and testified for increased American involvement in protecting the pipeline. The government of the United States increased military aid by $98 million, in 2003, to Colombia to assist in the effort to defend the pipeline. Attacks on the pipeline have subsequently been reduced during the following years. In 1998, AirScan misidentified the village of Santo Domingo as a hostile guerrilla target, leading to a December 18 cluster bomb attack by the Colombian military which killed eighteen civilians, including nine children. The incident led to different legal actions against all the parties involved, some of which are still in progress.
Источник: Министерство обороны, правительство Колумбии. В 2001 году было совершено 170 нападений на трубопровод. Трубопровод не работал 266 дней в течение этого года. Правительство оценивает, что эти взрывы потенциально снизили ВВП Колумбии на 0,5%. Occidental Petroleum лоббировала и давала показания в поддержку увеличения участия США в защите трубопровода. Правительство Соединенных Штатов увеличило военную помощь Колумбии на 98 миллионов долларов в 2003 году для содействия усилиям по защите трубопровода. В последующие годы количество нападений на трубопровод сократилось. В 1998 году AirScan ошибочно идентифицировала деревню Санто-Доминго как враждебную партизанскую цель, что привело к атаке кассетными бомбами 18 декабря, осуществленной колумбийскими военными, в результате которой погибли восемнадцать мирных жителей, в том числе девять детей. Этот инцидент послужил основанием для различных судебных исков против всех вовлеченных сторон, некоторые из которых все еще находятся в производстве.
The pipeline was opened in 1986. During its existence, the pipeline has often been attacked by guerrilla organizations that oppose the Colombian government. The National Liberation Army (ELN), which has traditionally been involved in such attacks, charged in a communique that "in our country, energy policy does not prioritize investment (in Colombia) but rather exploitation and consumption that sacrifices future generations." Together with the FARC, they have repeatedly sabotaged and exploded sections of the pipeline. The Colombian government has militarized the area in response. For several years a security tax was imposed on oil producers in the region, which have also been targeted by guerrilla extortion and kidnappings. Occidental Petroleum also contracted the security firm AirScan to aid the Colombian military in the defense of its operations. Attacks on Oil Pipelines, 2001 20042001200220032004All pipelines26374 179 103 Caño Limón Coveñas170 41 34 17Source: Ministry of Defense, Government of Colombia. In 2001, there were 170 attacks on the pipeline. The pipeline was out of operation for 266 days of that year. The government estimates that these bombings potentially reduced the GDP of Colombia by 0.5%. Occidental Petroleum lobbied and testified for increased American involvement in protecting the pipeline. The government of the United States increased military aid by $98 million, in 2003, to Colombia to assist in the effort to defend the pipeline. Attacks on the pipeline have subsequently been reduced during the following years. In 1998, AirScan misidentified the village of Santo Domingo as a hostile guerrilla target, leading to a December 18 cluster bomb attack by the Colombian military which killed eighteen civilians, including nine children. The incident led to different legal actions against all the parties involved, some of which are still in progress.