Компания Marmon: История американского автомобилестроения

American automobile manufacturer

Marmon Motor Car Company was an American automobile manufacturer founded by Howard Carpenter Marmon and owned by Nordyke Marmon & Company of Indianapolis, Indiana, US. It produced luxury automobiles from 1902 to 1933. It was established in 1902 but not incorporated as the successor of Nordyke Mormon & Company until 1926. In 1933 it was succeeded by Marmon Herrington and in 1964 the Marmon brand name was sold to the Marmon Motor Company of Denton, Texas. Marmon Herrington became the Marmon Group of Chicago, in 1964. Marmon was notable for its various pioneering works in automotive manufacturing, introducing the rear view mirror, pioneering the V16 engine, and the use of aluminum in auto manufacturing. The historic Marmon Wasp race car of the early 20th century was the first car to use a single seater "monoposto" construction layout.

Marmon's parent company was founded in 1851, manufacturing flour grinding mill equipment and branching out into other machinery through the late 19th century. Small limited production of experimental automobiles began in 1902, with an air cooled V twin engine. An air cooled V4 followed the next year, with pioneering V6 and V8 engines tried over the next few years, before more conventional straight engine designs were settled upon. Marmons soon gained a reputation as reliable, speedy upscale cars.

The Model 32 of 1909 spawned the Wasp. The Wasp, driven by Marmon engineer Ray Harroun (a former racer who came out of retirement for just one race), was the winner of the first ever Indianapolis 500 motor race, in 1911. This car featured the world's first known automobile rear view mirror.

The 1913 Model 48 was a left hand steering tourer with a cast aluminum engine and electric headlights and horn, as well as electric courtesy lights for the dash and doors. and electric starter. It had a 145 in (3683 mm) wheelbase (long for the era) and 36×4½ inch (91×11.4 cm) front/37×5 inch (94×12.7 cm) rear wheels (which interchanged front and rear) and full elliptic front and ¾ elliptic rear springs. Like most cars of the era, it came complete with a tool kit; in Marmon's case, it offered jack, power tire pump, chassis oiler, tire patch kit, and trouble light. The 48 came in a variety of models: two , four , five , and seven passenger tourers at US$5,000 ($ in dollars ), seven passenger limousine at US$6,250 ($ in dollars ), seven passenger landaulette at US$6,350 ($ in dollars ), and seven passenger Berlin limousine at US$6,450 ($ in dollars ).

The 1916 Model 34 used an aluminum straight six, and used aluminum in the body and chassis to reduce overall weight to just 3295 lb (1495 kg). A Model 34 was driven coast to coast as a publicity stunt, beating Erwin "Cannonball" Baker's record to much fanfare. New models were introduced for 1924, replacing the long lived Model 34, but the company was facing financial trouble, and in 1926 was reorganized as the Marmon Motor Car Co.

In 1927 the Little Marmon series was introduced and in 1929, Marmon introduced an under $1,000 straight eight car, the Roosevelt, but the stock market crash of 1929 made the company's problems worse.

The Marmon Sixteen was produced between 1931 and 1934. Howard Marmon had begun working on the world's first V16 engine in 1927. By the time the Sixteen was introduced Cadillac had already debuted their V 16, designed by ex Marmon engineer Owen Nacker. Peerless, too, had been developing a V16 with help from an ex Marmon engineer, James Bohannon. The Sixteen's engine displaced 491 in³ (8.0 L) and produced 200 hp (149 kW). It was an all aluminum design with steel cylinder liners and a 45° bank angle.

The original Nordyke & Marmon Plant 1 was at the southwest corner of Kentucky Avenue and West Morris Street. Plant 2 was at the southwest corner of Drover and West York Street. Plant 3 was a five story structure measuring 80 x 600 feet parallel to Morris Street (now Eli Lilly & Company Building 314). The Marmon assembly plant was built adjacent to the Morris Street property line with Plant 3 behind and parallel to it (also part of the Eli Lilly complex). For the 1993 Indianapolis 500, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of The Marmon Group of companies, Éric Bachelart drove a tribute to the Marmon Wasp, actually a year old Lola with Buick power, which was uncompetitive and failed to qualify. After qualifications ended, the sponsorship was transferred to the car of John Andretti, who was driving for A. J. Foyt Enterprises. Andretti started 23rd and briefly led before eventually finishing tenth.

Actor Francis X. Bushman, at the height of his movie fame in the 1910s, owned a custom built purple painted Marmon. Other actors who were owners of Marmons include Wallace Reid, Douglas Fairbanks and Arthur Tracy. Statesman and national hero of Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim's official car was a Marmon E 75. Much later, the same car was bought by a group of technology students. It is still the representational car of the Aalto University student union after considerable repairs, and the name Marmon, to some extent, is coupled to this specific vehicle. J. Horace McFarland, president of the American Civic Association, owned a Marmon. In 1924, he wrote to John Gries of the National Bureau of Standards' Division of Building and Housing that his Marmon cost nine cents a mile to operate, "independent of the chauffeur." In his memoir, "The Cruise of the Rolling Junk", F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote about a 1,200 mile automobile trip to the South that he and Zelda Fitzgerald took in their used 1918 Marmon Speedster. In 1916–17, Ruby Archambeau of Portland, Oregon, became the first woman to drive the circumference of the United States. Her vehicle was a Marmon. "King of Bootleggers" Italian Canadian Rocco Perri of Hamilton, Ontario, was known to favour Marmons in the 1920s. Actress Bebe Daniels was driving a Marmon Roadster 72 miles per hour south of Santa Ana when she became the first woman to be convicted of speeding in Orange County.