Политические партии Малайзии: обзор и регулирование

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This is a list of political parties in Malaysia, including existing and historical ones.

Under the current legislation, all political parties (termed "Political Associations") must be registered under the Societies Act.

In Malaysian politics, a frog (Malay: katak politik) (Sabahan: Buhangkut politik) refers to an act where a politician crosses the bench from one party to another (changing support). This term was first coined in during the 1994 Sabah state elections after United Sabah Party losing its majority even the party won the state elections. Despite its usage nationwide, it is more familiar within the state of Sabah. Since May 25, 2023, nine states of Malaysia has approved the "Anti Switching Parties Law" or "Anti Hopping Parties Law" for both states legislative assembly and parliament including Sabah and Sarawak.

The Election Offences Act (1954) regulates the maximum expenses allowed for candidates vying for parliamentary seats and for state seats during the campaign period (excluding before the nomination day and after election day). The permissible campaign expenditure set by the Election Offences Act (1954) is RM 100,000 per candidate for state seats and RM 200,000 per candidate for federal seats. According to this guideline, with 505 state seats and 222 parliamentary seats in the 2013 general election, the maximum amount that Barisan Nasional was allowed to spend was only about RM 95 million. Due to the lack of records and regulations, Malaysian politicians may not even know how much they spent on their campaigns or overspending the expenditure than permitted by law. Another related problem was the secrecy surrounding political funds and their use. Although many politicians, including members of newly appointed cabinets, voluntarily disclosed their personal finances, such disclosure is not compulsory and many sources of revenue remain obscure.

The deposit was RM 10,000 to contest a parliamentary seat, or RM 5,000 to contest a state assembly seat. The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than 12.5 per cent or one eighth of the votes cast. Additionally it is required that each candidate provide a RM 5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election.

The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). PartyAbbrLeaderIdeologyPosition Registered Internationalaffiliation Notes Democratic Action Party Parti Tindakan Demokratik DAP Anthony Loke Siew Fook • Social democracy • National secularism Centre left 1966 Progressive Alliance United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu UPKO Ewon Benedick • Sabah regionalism • Malaysian nationalism Centre left 1999 (1994) N/A Parti Keadilan Rakyat People's Justice Party PKR Anwar Ibrahim • Social liberalism • Malaysian reformism Centre left 2003 (1991) Liberal International(Observer) Parti Amanah Negara National Trust Party AMANAH Mohamad Sabu • Islamic modernism • National progressivism Centre left 2015 (1978) N/A Originally registered as Parti Demokratik Sabah (Sabah Democratic Party) in 1994, the party was renamed as United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation in 1999 and renamed further to its current name in 2019. Originally registered as Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia (Muslim Community Union of Malaysia) in 1991, the party was reorganised with new leadership in 1999 and renamed Parti Keadilan Nasional (National Justice Party). In 2003, the party merged with Parti Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Party) and was again renamed to its current name. In 2005, a small left wing group left the party to reorganise Parti Rakyat Malaysia just prior to its de registration. Originally registered as Parti Pekerja Pekerja Malaysia (Malaysian Worker's Party) in 1978, the party was reorganised with new leadership in 2015 and renamed to its current name.

This is the list of active coalitions and parties that do not have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara) and the state legislative assemblies, sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). Parties that are part of a coalition that is represented are not listed here even if the party itself is not represented. This list does not include parties that are active but have yet to be registered with the ROS or EC such as the Green Party of Malaysia.

Political parties registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS) and with the Election Commission (EC). PartyAbbrLeaderIdeologyPosition RegisteredInternationalaffiliation Notes Parti Rakyat Malaysia Malaysian People's Party PRM Mohd Hashim Saaludin Democratic socialismLeft wing nationalism Left wing 1955 (1989) Malaysian Ceylonese Congress Kongres Ceylonese Malaysia MCC Mahendranathan Thuraiappah N/A N/A 1958 (1970) Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress Kongres India Muslim Malaysia KIMMA Syed Ibrahim Kader IslamismConservatism Centre right 1976 Parti Punjabi Malaysia Malaysian Punjabi Party PPM Datuk Gurjeet Singh Rhande N/A N/A 1986 Liberal Democratic Party Parti Liberal Demokratik LDP Chin Su Pin Liberal conservatism Classical liberalism Right wing 1989 Malaysian United People's Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Malaysia MUPP Roy Nazry Nationalism Right wing 1994 (2011) Parti Sosialis Malaysia Socialist Party of Malaysia PSM Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj SocialismLeft wing populism Left wing 1998 Parti Cinta Malaysia Love Malaysia Party PCM Huan Cheng Guan National conservatism Right wing 2007 N/A Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia MMSP R. S. Thanenthiran Dravidianism Centre right 2009 Human Rights Party Malaysia Parti Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia HRP P. Uthayakumar Human rightsMinority rightsHindu nationalismDravidianism Centre right 2009 Parti Cinta Sabah Love Sabah Party PCS Anifah Aman Sabah regionalism Centre right 2013 Parti Kebangsaan Sabah Sabah Nationality Party PKS Thomas Anggan Sabah regionalism Centre right 2013 United Sabah National Organisation (New) Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu (Baru) USNO Baru Pandikar Amin Mulia National conservatismSabah regionalism Centre right 2013 Parti Bumi Kenyalang Land of the Hornbill Party PBK Voon Lee Shan • Sarawak regionalism • Self determination Centre right 2013 N/A Pertubuhan Perpaduan Rakyat Kebangsaan Sabah Sabah National People's Unity Organisation PERPADUAN Jack Giau Sabah regionalism Centre right 2013 Parti Sejahtera Angkatan Perpaduan Sabah Sabah Wellbeing & Unity Front Party SAPU Abdul Banning Mohd. Sabah regionalism Centre right 2013 Sabah Peace Party Parti Damai Sabah SPP Berman Angkap Sabah regionalism Centre right 2013 Parti Kerjasama Anak Negeri Sabah Native Co operation Party Anak Negeri Henrynus Amin Sabah regionalism Centre right 2013 Parti Rakyat Gabungan Jaksa Pendamai Justices of Peace Coalition People's Party PEACE Julian Petrus Jout Sarawak regionalism Centre right 2013 Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah Sabah People's Ideals Party GAGASAN / PGRS Dr. Ationg Tituh&Stephen Jimbangan Sabah regionalism Centre right 2013 United Nations (UN) Minority Rights Action Party Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti MIRA K. Palanisamy Liberal democracyMinority rights N/A 2013 Sarawak People's Energy Party Parti Tenaga Rakyat Sarawak TERAS Banyi Beriak N/A Centre 2013 People's Alternative Party Parti Alternatif Rakyat PAP A. David Dass Liberal democracy Centre 2014 Sabah People's Hope Party Parti Harapan Rakyat Sabah HR Liew Yun Fah Sabah regionalism Centre right 2016 Malaysian United Party Parti Bersama Malaysia MUP Tan Gin Theam Liberal democracy Centre 2016 Penang Front Party Parti Barisan Pulau Pinang PFP Razalif Mohd Zain Penang regionalism Centre right 2016 Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia Malaysia Mighty Bumiputera Party PUTRA Ibrahim Ali National conservatismRight wing populism Right wing 2019 Malaysian Advancement Party Parti Kemajuan Malaysia KEMAJUAN Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy EgalitarianismHumanism N/A 2019 Parti Sedar Rakyat People's Awareness Party (Renamed from Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak Sarawak People's Awareness Party on 13 September 2023) SEDAR Othman Abdillah National conservatism N/A 28 May 2019 Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak Sarawak People's Aspiration Party ASPIRASI Lina Soo • Sarawak regionalism • State separatism Centre left 1996 (2020) N/A PRM was originally registered as Partai Ra'ayat. It was renamed Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Socialist Party) in 1970 and then renamed again to its current name in 1989. In 2003 the party officially merged with Parti Keadilan Nasional to form Parti Keadilan Rakyat. Some members of the original PRM re organised PRM as a functional political party in 2005 after some disagreement on the ideology and direction of the newly merged party, PKR. KIMMA was accepted to become the associate member of UMNO with the obserser status on 27 August 2010. The Punjabi Party of Malaysia was established in 1986 but only registered with the Elections Commission in 2003. Originally registered as the Parti Demokratik Setiahati Kuasa Rakyat Bersatu Sabah, it was later renamed on 23 March 2011 when it extended its wings to Peninsular Malaysia. Formed by former members of the original United Sabah National Organisation which was dissolved in 1991. The party applied to change its name to Minority Rights Action Party and announced its support for the Pakatan Harapan coalition prior to the GE14. The supposed plan to dissolve TERAS in 2016 was abandoned and never materialised.

Political parties registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS) but not with the Election Commission (EC). They are therefore unable or able to contest in elections using their own symbols. PartyAbbrLeaderIdeologyPosition RegisteredInternationalaffiliation Notes Malaysian Indian United Party Parti Bersatu India Malaysia MIUP S. Nallakaruppan N/A N/A 2007 Kongres Keadilan India Malaysia Malaysian Indian Justice Congress KKIM R. Shanmugam Hindu nationalismDravidian parties Centre right 2019 Sabah Truth Party Sabah Truth Party KEBENARAN Bentan Alamin Suluk nationalism Right wing 2013 Parti Bersatu Bugis Sabah Sabah Bugis United Party PBBS N/A Sabah regionalism Right wing 2013 Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sabah Sabah People's Economy Party PERS N/A N/A Centre right 2013 Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sarawak Bersatu United Sarawak People's Economy Party PERSB Salleh Mahali PopulismSarawak regionalism Centre right 2013 Malaysian Indian Justice Party Parti Keadilan India Malaysia MIJP V. Arikrishna Hindu nationalismDravidianism Centre right 2013 People's National Party of Malaysia Parti Nasional Penduduk Malaysia PNP N/A N/A N/A 2013 Minority Rights Action Party Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti MIRA A. Rajaretinam Liberal democracyMinority rights N/A 2013 Barisan Pemuda Pribumi Sarawak Sarawak Native's Youth Front PRIBUMI N/A • Social democracy • Youth politics Centre 2022 Barisan Dayak Bersatu Sarawak Sarawak United Dayak Front SADAYAK N/A • Social democracy • Dayak nationalism Centre right 2022 Perikatan Rakyat Bersatu Johor Johor United People's Alliance JOPA N/A • Human rights• Religious freedom• Johor nationalism Centre 2022 People's Power Party (Malaysia) Parti Kuasa Rakyat Kuasa Rakyat Kamaruzzaman Taacob MarhaenismNationalism Centre right 2022

These organisations have never been or are no longer registered as political bodies, and can thus no longer contest elections. Parties that were registered in British Malaya but operated solely in the territory of Singapore are also excluded from this list. Parties that have been renamed but still exist today as registered political parties are also excluded from this list. A number of these may still exist as organisations in some form, but none are recognised as political parties.

PartyAbbrPeriodDescription Communist Party of MalayaParti Komunis Malaya CPM 1930–1989 The party operated legally from 1945 to 1948 before it was banned. After it was banned, the party went underground as the Malayan National Liberation Army to conduct an armed rebellion. In 1989, the party signed a peace treaty with the Malaysian and Thai governments ending its armed rebellion. The current status of the party as an organisation remains unclear. Persatuan Melayu PahangPahang Malays Association PMP 1938–1949 The first overtly semi political Malays national organisation in Pahang. The association was dissolved and absorbed into UMNO branches and it can be said that all the former leaders of the Pahang Malay Association continued their activities as UMNO leaders. Kesatuan Melayu MudaYoung Malays Union KMM 1938–1945 The first overtly political Malay national organisation. The party was dissolved after the surrender of Japan in 1945 but her members formed the nucleus of many post war political parties. Syarikat Bekerjasama Am SaiburiSaiburi General Cooperative Union SABERKAS 1945–1954 Originally organised as an underground Malay nationalist movement in Thai occupied Kedah (Saiburi in Thai), it was legalised as a political organisation in 1945 just prior to the return of Kedah to the British authorities in 1946. It joined the Pan Malayan Labour Party in 1952 and was eventually merged with the other component parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. Parti Kebangsaan Melayu MalayaMalay Nationalist Party PKMM 1945–1948 The first post war pan Malayan Malay nationalist party formed by former activists of the Young Malays Union advocating a form of left wing nationalism called Marhaenism. The party was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. Malayan Democratic UnionKesatuan Demokratik Malaya MDU 1945–1948 The first post war non ethnic political party primarily but not exclusively operating in Singapore, an integral part of British Malaya then. The party was voluntarily dissolved after their failure to block the formation of the Federation of Malaya in favour of the Malayan Union and the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. All Malaya Council of Joint Action AMCJA 1946–1948 A coalition of left wing non Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left wing Malay dominated coalition, PUTERA. The coalition ceased to exist after the dissolution of MDU, the primary component party, in 1948. Angkatan Pemuda InsafAware Youth Corps API 1946–1947 Originally the youth wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left wing elements and was subsequently banned in 1947. Angkatan Wanita SedarAwakened Women's Union AWAS 1946–1948 Originally the women's wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left wing elements and was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. Overseas Chinese Youth AssociationPersatuan Pemuda Tionghua Perantauan Sarawak OCYA 1946–1959 New Democratic Youth League of MalayaLiga Pemuda Demokratik Baru Malaya NDYL 1946–1948 A member of the AMCJA, it was banned during the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayatCentre of Peoples' Power PUTERA 1947–1948 A coalition of left wing Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left wing non Malay dominated coalition, AMCJA. The coalition ceased to exist after the banning of PKMM, the primary component party, in 1948. Barisan Tani Se MalayaPan Malayan Farmers' Front BATAS 1947–1948 A left wing party for organising Malayan peasants. The party was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency and the party's leader, Musa Ahmad, eventually became the chairman of the Communist Party of Malaya. Majlis Agama Tinggi Se MalayaPan Malayan Supreme Religious Council MATA 1947–1948 Established by radical Malay clerics to challenge the Sultan's control of Islam. It was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with AMCJA in a multi racial political front. It gradually adopted a more pan Malay nationalist approach and eventually was absorbed by Hizbul Muslimin. Gerakan Angkatan MudaYoung Generation Movement GERAM 1947–1948 Led by Aziz Ishak and A Samad Ismail, it was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with the AMCJA in a multi racial political front. The movement was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. Pemuda Radikal MelayuRadical Malay Youth Party PERAM 1948 Established by Mohamed Mustaza, a former Secretary General of the PKMM, to replace the role played by API which was banned in 1947. PERAM was itself banned after the declaration of the Malayan Emergency. Hizbul MusliminMalayan Muslim People's Party HM 1948 Inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood and led by Ustaz Abu Bakar al Baqir, it was an attempt to transform MATA into a full fledged political party. It ceased to exist after several of its leaders were arrested during the Malayan Emergency. but only gained registration in 1951. In 1952, it joined the Pan Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. Alliance PartyParti Perikatan 1951–1973 A coalition of the United Malays National Organisation, the Malayan Chinese Association and the Malayan Indian Congress. The coalition was expanded to include other parties after the 13 May Incident and was subsequently registered as the Barisan Nasional (National Front). Independence of Malaya PartyParti Kemerdekaan Malaya IMP 1951–1953 Established by founding president of the United Malays National Organisation, Onn Jaafar, to be a multi ethnic party. The party did not do well electorally and was dissolved in 1953. Labour Party of PenangParti Buruh Pulau Pinang LPP 1951–1954 With government restrictions on forming a pan Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Penang to contest the George Town Municipal Elections. In 1952, it joined the Pan Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. it joined the Pan Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. In 1952 it joined the Pan Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. Province Wellesley Labour PartyParti Buruh Seberang Prai PWLP 1953–1959 With government restrictions on forming a pan Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Penang and competed against the Labour Party of Penang in the George Town Municipal Council elections in 1953. The party did not join the Pan Malayan Labour Party and existed separately until its eventual merger with the LPM. Parti NegaraNational Party PN 1953–1962 The successor party to the Independence of Malaya Party, it took a more Malay nationalistic stance compared to its predecessor but maintained a multi ethnic composition. The party was dissolved after the death of its founding president, Onn Jaafar. Malaysia People's Progressive PartyParti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia myPPP 1953–2019 A multiracial political party in Malaysia which was one of the component members of the National Front or Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from 1973 to 2018. After losing the 2018 election, the party has been split into two factions – one led by Maglin Dennis D'Cruz who supported myPPP remaining part of the BN coalition and the other led by party president M. Kayveas who insisted on myPPP leaving the BN coalition. The latter emerged victorious in the immediate power struggle and myPPP subsequently exited the Barisan Nasional coalition. The Registrar of Societies (RoS) has deregistered MyPPP, which is facing leadership problems, effective 14 Jan 2019. Labour Party of MalayaParti Buruh Malaya LPM 1954–1972 With the easing of restrictions, the Pan Malayan Labour Party re organised itself from a confederation of labour parties into a centralised party. Sarawak Liberation LeagueLiga Pembebasan Sarawak SLL 1954–1956 A radical left wing political organisation in Sarawak, it was merged into the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association in 1956 after being proscribed by the colonial authorities. Sarawak Advanced Youth AssociationPersatuan Pemuda Progresif Sarawak SAYA 1956–1971 A militant left wing political organisation in Sarawak, it eventually coalesced with other radical left wing groups and formed the nucleus of the North Kalimantan Communist Party. Malayan Socialist Youth LeagueLiga Pemuda Sosialis Malaya MSYL 1956–1958 Organised as the youth wing of the Labour Party of Malaya, it was eventually proscribed and banned shortly after the independence of Malaya. Malayan PartyParti Malaya MP 1956–1964 A Malacca based party, it was established to retain Malacca's status as a Crown Colony. With the formation of Malaysia in 1963, most members defected to the Alliance Party and the party eventually faded out. Malayan Peoples' Socialist FrontFron Sosialis Rakyat Malaya FSRM 1957–1969 A coalition initially comprising the Labour Party of Malaya and Partai Ra'ayat, it became the major Opposition party in the newly independent Malaya until the Confrontation resulted in its persecution and eventual demise.

PartyAbbrPeriodDescription Parti Negara SarawakNational Party of Sarawak PANAS 1960–1968 A bumiputera dominated multi ethnic political party, it was second political party to registered in Sarawak, it was established to contest municipal and district council elections. In 1968 the party merged with the Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak to form Parti Bumiputera. United National Kadazan OrganisationPertubuhan Kebangsaan Kadazan Bersatu UNKO 1961–1964 Established by Donald Stephens, the first indigenous party in Sabah was modeled after UMNO in Malaya to represent the interests of the Kadazandusun community. The party split in 1962 with a group led by G. S. Sundang going on to form the United Pasok Momogun Organisation. United Sabah National OrganisationPertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu USNO 1961–1996 Established by Mustapha Harun, it was established as a multi ethnic party but was dominated by the Muslim Bajau community. The party was eventually dissolved in 1996 with her members either joining UMNO or Parti Bersatu Sabah after the dissolution. Barisan Rakyat Jati SarawakSarawak Native People's Front BARJASA 1961–1968 A Muslim bumiputera party primarily representing the interests of the ethnic Malay and Melanau community, it merged with Parti Negara Sarawak in 1968 to form Parti Bumiputera. Sarawak National PartyParti Kebangsaan Sarawak SNAP 1961–2013 A multi ethnic party, it joined the Sarawak Alliance but was expelled in 1965. It joined the Barisan Nasional coalition in 1976 but was again expelled in 2004. It then joined the Pakatan Rakyat coalition in 2010 but withdrew just before the 2011 Sarawak state election. Various internal power struggles culminated in the de registration of the party in 2013. North Borneo Democratic PartyParti Demokratik Borneo Utara NBDP 1962 A Chinese based party that was established in Jesselton, it merged later that same year with the Sandakan based United Party to form the Borneo Utara National Party (later renamed the Sabah National Party). United PartyParti Bersatu UP 1962 A Chinese based party that was established in Sandakan, it merged later that same year with the Jesselton based North Borneo Democratic Party to form the Borneo Utara National Party (later renamed the Sabah National Party). United Pasok Momogun National OrganisationPersatuan Kebangsaan Pasok Momogun Bersatu Pasok Momogun / UPMO 1962–1964 A breakaway from the United National Kadazan Organisation, it eventually reunited with its parent party to form the United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation and formed the Sabah Alliance with the United Sabah National Organisation and the Sabah National Party. Borneo Utara National PartyParti Kebangsaan Borneo Utara BUNAP 1962–1963 A merger of the North Borneo Democratic Party and the United Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after the independence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia. Sarawak Chinese AssociationPersatuan Cina Sarawak SCA 1962–1974 A Chinese based party set up by former Parti Negara Sarawak, it was part of the Sarawak Alliance. In 1970, most of its members crossed over to the Sarawak United Peoples' Party. SCA fell into inactivity and was wounded up by its remnant members. Parti Pesaka Anak SarawakSarawak Native's Heritage Party PESAKA 1962–1973 A party established by Tun Jugah to represent Iban interests, it was in direct competition with the Sarawak National Party. It merged with Parti Bumiputera in 1973 to form the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu. United Democratic PartyParti Demokratik Bersatu UDP 1962–1968 Established by Lim Chong Eu, a former president of the Malayan Chinese Association, it won a single seat in the 1964 general election. In 1968 when Lim joined forces with a few other notable politicians to form Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia. Sabah Indian CongressKongres India Sabah SIC 1962–1975 A small party representing the interests of the Indian community in Sabah, it was part of the Sabah Alliance and held one of the nominated seats in the Sabah State Assembly until 1974 when the State Government fell to Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah. It subsequently ceased being active. Sabah National PartyParti Kebangsaan Sabah SANAP 1963–1965 Formerly the Borneo Utara National Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after the independence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia. In 1965, it absorbed the social organisation, the Sabah Chinese Association, and renamed itself as the latter. National Convention PartyParti Perhimpunan Kebangsaan NCP 1963–1965 Established by Abdul Aziz Ishak, a former Federal Minister in Tunku Abdul Rahman's first and second administration, the party was a component of the Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front. It was weakened after the arrest of Aziz under the Internal Security Act in 1964 and subsequently dissolved. United Pasokmomogun Kadazan OrganisationPersatuan Pasaokmomogun Kadazan Bersatu UPKO 1964–1967 A merger of the United Kadazan National Organisation and the United Pasok Momogun National Organisation, it formed the Sabah Alliance with the United Sabah National Organisation and the Sabah National Party. By 1967, the party was absorbed the United Sabah National Organisation and had ceased to exist as an organised force. Machinda PartyParti Machinda MACHINDA 1964–1967 Formed by dissidents of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party who were discomforted by the increasing communist influence and led by Michael Buma, the party participated in the Malaysian Solidarity Convention. Internal conflict over the participation of the party in the MSC eventually caused the party's dissolution in 1967 Sabah Chinese AssociationPersatuan Cina Sabah SCA 1965–1979 Renamed from the Sabah National Party after absorbing the smaller non political Sabah Chinese Association, it was part of the Sabah Alliance until it left in 1976. In 1978, most of its leaders and members have left to form the Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party and the party was eventually deregistered in 1979. Malaysian Solidarity ConventionKonvensyen Solidariti Malaysia MSC 1965 A coalition led by the People's Action Party of Malaya consisting also of the United Democratic Party, the People's Progressive Party, the Sarawak United Peoples' Party and the Machinda Party to challenge what they perceived as the growth of communalism in Malaysia. The MSC was short lived as PAP, the main convenor, was de registered following the withdrawal of Singapore from Malaysia. United Malaysian Chinese OrganisationPersatuan Cina Malaysia Bersatu UMCO 1966–1970 Formed by former founding member of the Malayan Chinese Association and founding Secretary General of the United Democratic Party, Chin See Yin, the party failed to obtain electoral support in the 1969 general election and was dissolved in the aftermath of the 13 May Incident. Parti BumiputeraBumiputera Party PB 1967–1973 A merger of the Parti Negara Sarawak and Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak, the party eventually merged with Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak to form Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu in 1973. Parti Marhaen MalaysiaMalaysian Marhaen Party PMM 1968–1974 Formed after the release of Parti Rakyat Malaysia founder, Ahmad Boestamam, the party was a result of Boestamam's disagreement with his former party's adoption of scientific socialism as its ideology. After the failure of the party to win electoral support in the 1974 general election, it merged with Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia.

PartyAbbrPeriodDescription United Sabah Action PartyParti Tindakan Sabah Bersatu USAP 1970–1974 Formed by former United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation youth leader, Kalakau Untol, the party was short lived and dissolved after Kulakau joined Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia in 1974. North Kalimantan Communist PartyParti Komunis Kalimantan Utara NKCP 1971–1990 Formally established with the consolidation of activist and guerilla forces operating previously as the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association, communist elements of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party, the Sarawak Peoples' Guerilla Force, and the North Kalimantan Peoples' Army. The NKCP fought a low intensity insurgency against the Malaysian government until a peace agreement was signed in 1990. Parti Keadilan Masyarakat MalaysiaMalaysian Social Justice Party PEKEMAS 1972–1982 Established by dissidents of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia after the party joined Barisan Nasional, the party contested in the 1974, 1978, and 1982 general elections. The party did not manage to win much electoral support and lost members to Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia and the Democratic Action Party. After its failure to win any seats in the 1982 general election, the party was eventually dissolved. Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction)Parti Komunis Malaya (Puak Revolusioner) CPM–RF 1973–1983 Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau the Communist Party of Malaya when the 8th Regiment in Sadao broke from the main party. It merged with the Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist Leninist) in 1983 to form the Communist Party of Malaysia. Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist Leninist)Parti Komunis Malaya (Marxis Leninis) CPM–ML 1974–1983 Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau of the Communist Party of Malaya when the 2nd district of the 12th Regiment broke from the main party. Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia SarawakSarawak Malaysian People's Association PERMAS 1987–1991 Formed in the aftermath of the 1987 Ming Court Affair by dissidents against the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, the party managed to win a total of 20 seats with its ally, Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in the 1987 Sarawak election but was unable to unseat the Barisan Nasional. It failed to retain any of its seats in the 1991 election and the party dissolved shortly thereafter. Community Coalition CongressKongres Penyatuan Masyarakat CCC 1988–2010 Established as the Chinese Concultative Council of the Pan Malaysian Islamic Party to face the 1986 general election, it was formally registered as a political party in 1988. It did not participate directly in any general election and was subsequently superseded by PAS Supporters' Assembly, an official wing of the larger party. Parti Melayu Semangat 46Spirit of 46 Malay Party S46 1989–1996 Formed by the losing faction in UMNO's contentious party elections in 1987, it was led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. It was part of the Gagasan Rakyat and Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah coalitions that contested the 1990 general election. By the mid 1990s it had grown severely weakened and in 1996 the party was dissolved when Razaleigh returned to UMNO. Parti Rakyat SabahSabah People's Party PRS 1989–1991 Founded by former BERJAYA leader James Ongkili to challenge and defeat the then dominant Parti Bersatu Sabah in Sabah but he ultimately left the party to join PBS which was led by his uncle, Joseph Pairin Kitingan. Angkatan Keadilan RakyatPeople's Justice Front AKAR 1989–2001 Founded by a splinter of Parti Bersatu Sabah headed by Mark Koding, it joined Barisan Nasional in 1991. In 1998, it amended its name to Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat Bersatu (United People's Justice Front). In 1996, a leadership tussle between its top two leaders Pandikar Amin Mulia and Jeffrey Kitingan led to the latter returning to PBS with a large group. Eventually, Pandikar and party remnants decided to dissolve the party and join UMNO. Gagasan RakyatPeople's Might GR 1989–1996 A coalition comprising the Democratic Action Party, Parti Melayu Semangat 46, Parti Rakyat Malaysia, Parti Bersatu Sabah, and the All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front to contest the 1990 general election. Disputes between the DAP and S46 eventually caused the coalition to fall apart and the coalition was dissolved after a poor showing in the 1995 general election. Angkatan Perpaduan UmmahMuslim Unity Movement APU 1989–1996 A coalition comprising the Parti Melayu Semangat 46, PAS, BERJASA, and the Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia to contest the 1990 general election. It won control of the Kelantan state government but was formally disbanded after 1995 general election. Parti Perpaduan MasyarakatCommunity Unity Party PPM 1989–? Never contested in any general election Parti Merdeka MalaysiaMalaysian Independence Party PMM 1989–? Never contested in any general election

PartyAbbrPeriodDescription United Action PartyParti Tindakan Bersatu UAP 1990–? A small ethnic Chinese based party in Sabah. Parti Kesejahteraan Insan Tanah Air Homeland People's Wellbeing PartyKITA 1995 (2011) 2012 Originally registered as Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia or AKIM (Malaysian People's Justice Front), it was later renamed on 13 December 2010 by its new chairman, Zaid Ibrahim. Malaysian Democratic PartyParti Demokratik Malaysia MDP 1998–2008 Established by Democratic Action Party dissidents, Wee Choo Keong and Yeap Ghim Guan, the party contested the 1999 and 2004 elections but failed to win any seat. In 2008, Wee joined Parti Keadilan Rakyat and the party was dissolved. Barisan Rakyat Sabah BersekutuFederated Sabah People's Front BERSEKUTU 1998–2010 Established by former Sabah Chief Minister, Harris Salleh, the party contested the 1999 general election but failed to win any seats. In 2010, the party was dissolved and Harris went on to form the Sabah People's Front. Barisan AlternatifAlternative Front BA 1998–2004 A coalition formed between the KeADILan, DAP, PAS, and PRM, it contested the 1999 and 2004 elections. Tensions between DAP and PAS caused the pact to fragment and by 2004, it had ceased to exist. Angkatan Insaf RakyatConscious People's Movement AIR 1999 A coalition formed by splinter parties and groups of PAS and led by AKIM, it consisted of AKIM, HAMIM, BERJASA, and two other smaller groups. Parti Reformasi Insan MalaysiaMalaysian People's Reform Party PRIM 1999–2009 Founded by P. Uthayakumar after he left Parti Keadilan Nasional in 1999, the party failed to obtain registration. PRIM activists formed the core of the HINDRAF. HINDRAF was banned in 2007 and its leaders, including Uthayakumar was arrested under the Internal Security Act. Upon Uthayakumar's release, he formed the Human Rights Party.

PartyAbbrPeriodDescription Malaysian Dayak CongressKongres Dayak Malaysia MDC 2005–2013 Formed by supporters of Daniel Tajem who fought Dr James Masing in a bitter power struggle in Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in 2003–2004. This resulted in the de registration of PBDS with Masing's supporters forming Parti Rakyat Sarawak. MDC however failed to obtain registration and her key leaders contested subsequent elections as Independents or representatives of other parties like Parti Keadilan Rakyat. In 2013, one group managed to successfully register Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru. Malaysian Indian Democratic Action FrontBarisan Bertindak Demokratik India Malaysia MINDRAF 2005–2009 Formed by a veteran journalist Manuel Lopez to consolidate the objectives of the HINDRAF into a political movement, it failed to obtain registration and was hampered by the arrest of four major HINDRAF activists under the Internal Security Act. In 2009, the released detainees and party activists had formed the Human Rights Party instead. Parti Mahasiswa NegaraNational Students' Party PMN 2008 A multi ethnic political party led by activists of the PAS friendly All Malaysia Muslim Undergraduates Movement (Gabungan Mahasiswa Islam Se Malaysia) and supported by activists of the National Undergraduates Action Front (Barisan Bertindak Mahasiswa Negara), and Malaysian Students Solidarity (Solidariti Mahasiswa Malaysia), it failed to obtain registration as it was deemed to be against the provisions of the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 that forbade students from active participation in politics. Pakatan RakyatPeople's Pact PR 2008 2015 A coalition between PKR, the DAP, the PAS and the SNAP that was formed after the 2008 general election. It failed to obtain registration but continued to operate as an electoral pact in the 2013 general election. In 2015, tensions between the DAP and PAS caused the coalition to fracture with PKR, DAP and the new PAS splinter party, AMANAH forming a new coalition called Pakatan Harapan while PAS went on to form its own coalition called Gagasan Sejahtera. Human Rights Party Malaysia Parti Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia HRP 2009–2019 A multi ethnic political party led by human rights and equal rights activist P. Uthayakumar HRP registration application however was never approved and it is being considered as disbanded in due course as even the original movement it was based, HINDRAF had been deregistered in 2019.

PartyAbbrPeriodDescription Sabah People's Front Barisan Bersatu Sabah SPF 2010–2012 A splinter party of the Federated Sabah People's Front. However, in 2012, SPF was taken over by some former Sarawak Peoples' Party (PRS) members led by dissident leader Sng Chee Hua and turned into the new Sarawak Workers Party (SWP). Meanwhile, the party former president Berman Angkap formed and became the president of new Sabah Peace Party (SPP) in 2013. Parti Sarawak Bersatu United Sarawak Party PSB 2014–2024The PSB was actually a splinter party of Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) set up by the Second Finance Minister for Sarawak, Wong Soon Koh along with his supporters following a leadership tussle of the party then and it started as a pro Barisan Nasional (BN) political pact