Введение
Египетский фараон
Псамтик II (древнеегипетский: , произносится ), известный греко-римлянам как Псамметих или Псамметик, был царем Саисского, основанного в двадцать шестой династии Египта (595 г. до н.э. – 589 г. до н.э.). Его царственное имя, Нефер Иб Ре, означает «Прекрасно сердце Ре». Он был сыном Нехо II.
Походы и сражения
Псамтик II предпринял набег в Нубию в 592 году до н.э., продвинувшись на юг до Третьей или даже Четвертой Катаракты Нила, согласно современной стеле из Фив (Карнак), датированной 3-м годом его правления и повествующей о сокрушительном поражении, нанесенном царству Куш. Хорошо известный граффити, высеченный на греческом языке на левой ноге колоссальной сидячей статуи Рамзеса II, на южной стороне входа в храм Абу-Симбеля, сообщает следующее:
When King Psammetichus (i. e., Psamtik II) came to Elephantine, this was written by those who sailed with Psammetichus the son of Theocles, and they came beyond Kerkis as far as the river permits. Those who spoke foreign tongues (Greek and Carians who also scratched their names on the monument) were led by Potasimto, the Egyptians by Amasis. Kerkis was located near the Fifth Cataract of the Nile "which stood well within the Cushite Kingdom." This was the first confrontation between Egypt and Nubia since the reign of Tantamani. A Kushite king named Anlamani had revived the power of the kingdom of Napata. Psamtik II's campaign was likely initiated to destroy any future aspirations the Kushites may have had to reconquer Egypt. The Egyptian army advanced to Pnubs (Kerma) and the capital city of Napata in a series of fierce battles, where they looted its temples and destroyed the royal Kushite statues. The Kushite capital was sacked under the reign of the native Kushite king Aspelta who was the younger brother of Anlamani and the son of Senkamanisken. The Year 3 Karnak stela is dated to II Shemu day 10 of Psamtik II's reign and states that:
The army that your Majesty sent to Nubia has reached the land of Pnubs Nubians from all parts [of Kush] had arisen against him, their hearts full of anger when he attacked those who had rebelled against him there; because he was furious at those who had arisen against him. His Majesty took part in the combat as soon as he reached the battle. The rebels capitulated before a single arrow was unleashed against them Those who tried to flee did not succeed and were brought back as prisoners: four thousand two hundred men. As a result of Psamtik's devastating campaign, Kush's power was crushed, and its kings from Aspelta onwards lost any opportunity of ever regaining control of Egypt. Instead, the Nubian rulers decided to shift their capital further south from Napata to the relative safety of Meroë. Curiously, however, Psamtik II does not appear to have capitalized on his victory. His troops retreated back to the First Cataract, and Elephantine continued to be the southern border of Egypt. An outcome of this campaign was the deliberate destruction of monuments belonging to the 25th Dynasty Kushite kings in Egypt "by hacking out their names and the emblems of royalty from their statues and reliefs." Later, in 591 BC, during the fourth year of his reign, Psamtik II launched an expedition into Palestine "to foment a general Levantine revolt against the Babylonians" that involved, among others, Zedekiah of the Kingdom of Judah. Or according to Dan’el Kahn, "592 B. C. seems to be the date of the military reconquest of the Levant by Psammetichus II."
Когда царь Псамметих (то есть Псамтик II) прибыл в Элефантину, это было написано теми, кто плыл с Псамметихом, сыном Теокла, и они достигли Керкиса настолько, насколько позволяла река. Возглавляли тех, кто говорил на иностранных языках (греков и карийцев, также вырезавших свои имена на памятнике), Потасимто, а египтянами командовал Амазис. Керкис располагался недалеко от Пятой Катаракты Нила, "которая находилась глубоко внутри Кушитского царства". Это было первое столкновение между Египтом и Нубией со времен правления Тантамани. Кушитский царь по имени Аналамани возродил мощь царства Напата. Поход Псамтика II, вероятно, был инициирован с целью уничтожить любые будущие устремления кушитов к повторному завоеванию Египта. Египетская армия продвинулась к Пнубу (Керме) и столице Напате в серии ожесточенных сражений, где разграбила храмы и уничтожила царские кушитские статуи. Столица Куша была разграблена во время правления коренного кушитского царя Аспелты, младшего брата Аналамани и сына Сенкаманискена. Стела из Карнака, датированная 3-м годом правления, относится к 10-му дню месяца II Шему и гласит:
When King Psammetichus (i. e., Psamtik II) came to Elephantine, this was written by those who sailed with Psammetichus the son of Theocles, and they came beyond Kerkis as far as the river permits. Those who spoke foreign tongues (Greek and Carians who also scratched their names on the monument) were led by Potasimto, the Egyptians by Amasis. Kerkis was located near the Fifth Cataract of the Nile "which stood well within the Cushite Kingdom." This was the first confrontation between Egypt and Nubia since the reign of Tantamani. A Kushite king named Anlamani had revived the power of the kingdom of Napata. Psamtik II's campaign was likely initiated to destroy any future aspirations the Kushites may have had to reconquer Egypt. The Egyptian army advanced to Pnubs (Kerma) and the capital city of Napata in a series of fierce battles, where they looted its temples and destroyed the royal Kushite statues. The Kushite capital was sacked under the reign of the native Kushite king Aspelta who was the younger brother of Anlamani and the son of Senkamanisken. The Year 3 Karnak stela is dated to II Shemu day 10 of Psamtik II's reign and states that:
The army that your Majesty sent to Nubia has reached the land of Pnubs Nubians from all parts [of Kush] had arisen against him, their hearts full of anger when he attacked those who had rebelled against him there; because he was furious at those who had arisen against him. His Majesty took part in the combat as soon as he reached the battle. The rebels capitulated before a single arrow was unleashed against them Those who tried to flee did not succeed and were brought back as prisoners: four thousand two hundred men. As a result of Psamtik's devastating campaign, Kush's power was crushed, and its kings from Aspelta onwards lost any opportunity of ever regaining control of Egypt. Instead, the Nubian rulers decided to shift their capital further south from Napata to the relative safety of Meroë. Curiously, however, Psamtik II does not appear to have capitalized on his victory. His troops retreated back to the First Cataract, and Elephantine continued to be the southern border of Egypt. An outcome of this campaign was the deliberate destruction of monuments belonging to the 25th Dynasty Kushite kings in Egypt "by hacking out their names and the emblems of royalty from their statues and reliefs." Later, in 591 BC, during the fourth year of his reign, Psamtik II launched an expedition into Palestine "to foment a general Levantine revolt against the Babylonians" that involved, among others, Zedekiah of the Kingdom of Judah. Or according to Dan’el Kahn, "592 B. C. seems to be the date of the military reconquest of the Levant by Psammetichus II."
"Армия, которую ваше величество послало в Нубию, достигла земли Пнубс. Нубийцы со всех концов [Куша] восстали против него, их сердца были полны гнева, когда он напал на восставших там; ибо он был в ярости на тех, кто восстал против него. Его величество вступил в бой, как только достиг поля сражения. Повстанцы капитулировали, прежде чем была выпущена хоть одна стрела. Те, кто пытался бежать, не преуспели и были возвращены в плен: четыре тысячи двести человек. В результате сокрушительной кампании Псамтика власть Куша была сломлена, и его цари, начиная с Аспелты, утратили всякую надежду на восстановление контроля над Египтом. Вместо этого нубийские правители решили перенести свою столицу дальше на юг, из Напаты в относительно безопасный Мероэ. Однако, странным образом, Псамтик II, по-видимому, не воспользовался своей победой. Его войска отступили к Первой Катаракте, а Элефантина осталась южной границей Египта. Итогом этой кампании стало преднамеренное уничтожение памятников кушитских царей 25-й династии в Египте, "путем вырезания их имен и символов царской власти со статуй и рельефов". Позднее, в 591 году до н.э., на четвертом году своего правления, Псамтик II предпринял экспедицию в Палестину "для разжигания всеобщего восстания левантийцев против вавилонян", в котором, среди прочих, участвовал Седекия из Иудейского царства. Или, по словам Даниэля Кана, "592 год до н.э., по-видимому, является датой военного завоевания Леванта Псамметихом II".
When King Psammetichus (i. e., Psamtik II) came to Elephantine, this was written by those who sailed with Psammetichus the son of Theocles, and they came beyond Kerkis as far as the river permits. Those who spoke foreign tongues (Greek and Carians who also scratched their names on the monument) were led by Potasimto, the Egyptians by Amasis. Kerkis was located near the Fifth Cataract of the Nile "which stood well within the Cushite Kingdom." This was the first confrontation between Egypt and Nubia since the reign of Tantamani. A Kushite king named Anlamani had revived the power of the kingdom of Napata. Psamtik II's campaign was likely initiated to destroy any future aspirations the Kushites may have had to reconquer Egypt. The Egyptian army advanced to Pnubs (Kerma) and the capital city of Napata in a series of fierce battles, where they looted its temples and destroyed the royal Kushite statues. The Kushite capital was sacked under the reign of the native Kushite king Aspelta who was the younger brother of Anlamani and the son of Senkamanisken. The Year 3 Karnak stela is dated to II Shemu day 10 of Psamtik II's reign and states that:
The army that your Majesty sent to Nubia has reached the land of Pnubs Nubians from all parts [of Kush] had arisen against him, their hearts full of anger when he attacked those who had rebelled against him there; because he was furious at those who had arisen against him. His Majesty took part in the combat as soon as he reached the battle. The rebels capitulated before a single arrow was unleashed against them Those who tried to flee did not succeed and were brought back as prisoners: four thousand two hundred men. As a result of Psamtik's devastating campaign, Kush's power was crushed, and its kings from Aspelta onwards lost any opportunity of ever regaining control of Egypt. Instead, the Nubian rulers decided to shift their capital further south from Napata to the relative safety of Meroë. Curiously, however, Psamtik II does not appear to have capitalized on his victory. His troops retreated back to the First Cataract, and Elephantine continued to be the southern border of Egypt. An outcome of this campaign was the deliberate destruction of monuments belonging to the 25th Dynasty Kushite kings in Egypt "by hacking out their names and the emblems of royalty from their statues and reliefs." Later, in 591 BC, during the fourth year of his reign, Psamtik II launched an expedition into Palestine "to foment a general Levantine revolt against the Babylonians" that involved, among others, Zedekiah of the Kingdom of Judah. Or according to Dan’el Kahn, "592 B. C. seems to be the date of the military reconquest of the Levant by Psammetichus II."
Памятники
Псамтик II был одновременно и энергичным фараоном-воином, и плодовитым строителем в течение своего непродолжительного 6-летнего правления. Важный храм саитского периода был, вероятно, построен Псамтиком II и его сыном Априем в деревне Эль-Махалла Эль-Кубра, которая расположена на равном расстоянии от Себеннитоса и Бехбейт-Эль-Хагара в дельте Нижнего Нила. Чиновники наполеоновской экспедиции в Египет отметили "необычайно большое количество строительных элементов из гранита и бирюзы эпохи фараонов, использованных повторно в современных зданиях" на этом месте; это открытие впоследствии подтвердил Нестор Л’Оте в 1828 году, который насчитал более 120 гранитных колонн, встроенных только в мечеть этой деревни. В Эль-Махалле Эль-Кубра также был замечен фрагмент красного гранита длиной 1,8 метра с именем Псамтика II и дверной перемычка Априеса. Псамтик II также был инициатором основания храмового комплекса в Хибисе в оазисе Эль-Харга для триады Амона, Мут и Хонсу, с важными сооружениями для культа Осириса. Этот храм размером 19,5 x 26 метров первоначально располагался на берегу древнего озера, которое впоследствии исчезло, а его храмовое убранство было завершено лишь при персидских царях Дария I и, возможно, Дария II. Массивные песчаниковые ворота, проходящие через внешнюю ограждающую стену, до сих пор возвышаются почти на 5 метров и были построены в птолемеевский или римский периоды. На воротах были вырезаны многочисленные надписи и указы на самые разные темы, такие как налогообложение, наследование, судебная система и права женщин, при этом самый ранний текст датируется 49 годом нашей эры. Дата смерти Псамтика II упоминается на стеле усыновления Анхнеснеферибре: 7 год, I день Ахета, 23-й день.