Шалва Нуцубидзе: өмірі мен ғылыми еңбектері

Shalva Nutsubidze (; December 14, 1888 – January 6, 1969) was a Georgian philosopher, cultural historian, rustvelologist, literary critic, translator, public figure, one of the founders of scientific school in the field of history of Georgian philosophy, one of the founders and prorector (1920–1929) of the Tbilisi State University, Director of the Fundamental Library of the TSU, Dean of the Department of History of World Literature, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, elected member of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR (1944), Meritorious Scientific Worker of Georgia (1961). Shalva Nutsubidze attended universities in Saint Petersburg, Berlin, and Leipzig. In 1917, he obtained assistant professorship of the Saint Petersburg State University. He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1927. From 1904 to 1911 Shalva Nutsubidze was a member of the Bolskevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and the Georgian Socialist Federalist Revolutionary Party from 1915. From 1919 to 1921, he was a member of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia. After the Soviet annexation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, he did not leave the country. He founded his original philosophical doctrine, Alethiologian Realism, while working in Germany. Shalva Nutsubidze studied the history of Georgian philosophy in the 1930s, laying the groundwork for a new field of Kartvelian studies, the history of Georgian philosophy. He developed the theory of the Eastern Renaissance and the Nutsubidze Honigmann theory, which established the identity of Peter the Iberian and Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite. Shalva Nutsubidze was fluent in Greek, Latin, German, Russian, and French. His translation of The Knight in the Panther's Skin into Russian language is considered one of the best translations of this poem.

Shalva Nutsubidze's grandfathers were both priests. Philipe Datiashvili, his grandfather (from mother's side), loved to read and taught his grandson Nuskhuri alphabet to read at a young age. Shalva Nutsubidze's father, Isak Nutsubidze, was a teacher. He studied with Vazha Pshavela at Gori's Mastery Seminary before becoming a teacher in Khoni and Kutaisi. Isak Nutsubidze was a skilled hunter who frequently went hunting with his son. He died in 1927. Shalva Nutsubidze's mother, Rebeka Datiashvili, was from Kvitiri. Shalva Nutsubidze's elder sisters were Aneta, Tamar, Elene, and Nino. Tamar, one of them, attended St. Petersburg Technological University and then the Faculty of Geography and Geology at Tbilisi State University. He worked as a researcher and academic secretary at the Institute of Geography of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Nino, the second sister, graduated from the Russian Department of the Faculty of Philology of Tbilisi State University and worked as a Russian language teacher, first at a school and then at the Tbilisi Medical Institute.

Shalva Nutsubidze was born on December 14, 1888, in Partskhanakanevi (near Kutaisi). He attended Khoni Primary School and Khoni's Mastery Seminary for his primary education. Here he met with Akaki Tsereteli, Vazha Pshavela, Niko Nikoladze, Ivane Gomarteli, Barbara Kipiani, and Ilia Khoneli first time. While studying in St. Petersburg, he once again collaborated with Georgian revolutionary students such as Vano Sturua, Mamia Orakhelashvili, Shalva Eliava, Silibistro Todria, and others. "Logic for Secondary School" and "Introduction to Philosophy, Part I, The Problem of Cognition" in 1920 and "Logic: A Propaedeutic Course" in 1923. Shalva Nutsubidze and his companions (Sergi Gorgadze, among others) established the Petritsi Intellectual Society at Tbilisi State University in 1918, organizing seminars and discussions to gather Georgian philosophical monuments and spread philosophical knowledge. He also introduced "General Education Courses," in which students of all ages who did not have a high school degree were admitted and allowed to continue their education at the university after graduation. The classes were incorporated into government school in 1927.

Shalva Nutsubidze and Giorgi Chubinashvili attended an exhibition of Georgian art relics in Germany in 1920. In 1921, he started working for Tedo Glonti's Socialist Federalist newspaper, which was published with the consent of the Revolutionary Committee. The "Social Philosophy Studying Group" was founded the same year under his direction.

Shalva Nutsubidze was detained in Tashiskari on August 31, 1938, on suspicion of spying for Germany. He was handed to the People's Committee of the USSR for State Security on December 1, the same year, after being accompanied from Tbilisi to Moscow. He was charged with counter revolutionary actions, propaganda, and direct actions against the working class and the revolutionary movement in support of the counter revolutionary government. While in prison, Shalva Nutsubidze was ordered to translate "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" into Russian language by Ioseb Jughashvili, but he had already begun translating of the poem in 1937 and had been reading sections in the audience. In compensation for a translation, he was also released from jail. Shalva Nutsubidze finished the fourth complete translation of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" into Russian on May 1, 1939, which was sent to Stalin. Shalva Nutsubidze and Sergey Kavtaradze personally met Stalin on October 20, 1940. Ioseb Jughashvili revised the poem, provided the translator one Strophe of his translation, and the work was published the following year, with the edition by S. Gorodetsky, which included a preface by Sergo Kavtaradze and illustrations by Mihály Zichy, Sergo Kobuladze, and Irakli Toidze. The translation was published in mass circulation by "Goslitizdat", although the translator did not get an honorarium. According to Shalva Nutsubidze's declaration, the honorarium was completely credited to the Defense Fund. Following Stalin's death in 1953 and the fall of Lavrenty Beria's power Shalva Nutsubidze was expelled from the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR on December 22, 1938, and three days later from Tbilisi State University. Shalva Nutsubidze's works, "History of Georgian Philosophy" and "Rustaveli and the Eastern Renaissance," were published before 1960, but he was limited to full fledged scientific and educational activity. From 1956 to 1960, he worked as a senior researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, and in 1960, he received full rehabilitation from the prosecutions of the USSR, and his scientific status was restored.

Shalva Nutsubidze's scientific works are diversified. His works are sometimes separated into two periods: the metaphysical period and the history of Georgian philosophy. The first phase includes four works aiming to establishing a new system in philosophy: "Bolzano and Theory of Science" (1913), "Fundamentals of Alethiology" (1922), "Truth and the Structure of Cognition" (1926), and "Philosophy and Wisdom" (1931). Shalva Nutsubidze's publications address pedagogical themes ("The Idea of Man and the Problem of Upbringing in The Knight in the Panther's Skin", "Education and Education Ideas in the Georgian Renaissance", etc.") the system of higher education and scientific degrees in ancient Georgia, dialectical and formal logic and Georgian culture. Shalva Nutsubidze's work "Theory of Art (Fundamentals of Monistic Aesthetics)" (1929) was the first Georgian work in this field. Shalva Nutsubidze authored school and university textbooks, philosophical terminology, and translated treasures of Georgian poetry into foreign languages, among other things. Konstantine Bakradze, a Georgian philosopher, responded to one of the works, and his letter, "The Problem of Truth and the Structure of Cognition," was published in the magazine "Mnatobi" in 1928.

Shalva Nutsubidze was denied the right to continue teaching philosophy at Tbilisi State University after his return from Germany in 1930. He began studying the history of Georgian philosophy in the 1930s, laying the groundwork for a new branch of Kartvelian studies, the history of Georgian philosophy. His publications on the eastern roots of the Renaissance, as well as the identities of the Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite and Peter the Iberian, are particularly noteworthy. This hypothesis was proposed by Shalva Nutsubidze in 1942. A similar finding was reached ten years later by a Belgian scientist, E. Honigman. This book not only offered a scientific study of an important representative of Georgian philosophical thought, but it also increased interest in Georgian philosophical thought. Shalva Nutsubidze recognized three periods in history of Georgian philosophical thought: the Ancient Age (from the Kolkheti High Rhetorical and Philosophical School through 6th 7th centuries), the Feudal Age (8th 18th centuries), and the age of Capitalism (19th 20th centuries). Further, the Feudal era was divided into three periods: early feudalism (8th 11th centuries), feudal absolutism (11th 12th centuries), and late feudalism (13th 18th centuries). He was particularly interested in the Georgian "Balahvariani." Hermann Zottenberg published a research in 1886 in which he demonstrated that the work did not belong to John of Damascus. Shalva Nutsubidze released a study in Russian titled "On the Origins of the Greek Book Barlaam and Joasaph" 70 years later, in which he addressed the subject of the author of the Greek novel and attacked Franz Joseph Dölger's opinion. According to Shalva Nutsubidze, the Greek novel is based on Georgian manuscript. He deduced that the author of "Balavariani" and "Limonari" is the same person, and the author of the first edition of the works is the same person, a famous figure of the 7th century, Ioane Moskhi.

Shalva Nutsubidze was married twice. Agnessa Filipova, the first wife, was born in a Georgian Catholic family. She died from a tuberculosis in 1937. Ketevan, the couple's daughter, was born in 1915. Shalva Nutsubidze was still alive when his first daughter died. Shalva Nutsubidze married for the second time at the age of 56 to Ketevan Klimiashvili, a divorcee with two children, Zakro and Rusudan. Shalva Nutsubidze treated them as if they were his own children. The couple were the parents of three kids. At the age of five, the first son died from diphtheria. Shalva Nutsubidze had an unusual approach to religion. He did not attend church. He remembered many prayers he had learned in the gymnasium by heart and knew divine law so well that even his friend, Catholicos Patriarch Kalistrate Tsintsadze, was taken aback. Ephraim II of Georgia frequently discussed theological issues with him. Saburtalo plateau is also named after him in Tbilisi. Aside from the Tbilisi State University Pantheon, Shalva Nutsubidze's monument can be found in the garden of Nutsubidze Street. Phido Nadibaidze, Archil Begiashvili, Guram Tevzadze, and others have published works about Shalva Nutsubidze's Aletheologian Realism. His The Theory of Art has received little attention. Tamaz and Tamar Nutsubidze donated Shalva Nutsubidze's private library to Tbilisi State University Library in 2013. It contains 635 library units with 594 names.

1926: „Wahrheit und Erkenntnisstruktur. Erste Einleitung in den aletheiologischen Realismus“. Berlin und Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter. 1931: „Philosophie und Weisheit. Spezielle Einleitung in die Aletheiologie“. Berlin und Königsberg: Ost Europa Verlag. 1957: „Шота Руставели, Витязь в Тигровой Шкуре“. Тбилиси. 1973: „Bolzano and the Theory of Science: The Principles of the Alethology.“ Vol. 1. [Ed. Sh. Khidasheli]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1974: „An Introduction to Philosophy (The Problem of Knowledge). Vol. 3. The Theory of Art. [Ed. A. Begiashvili]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1975: „Peter the Iberian and the Philosophical Legacy of Antiquity.“ Vol. 5. [Ed. N Natadze]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1976: „Rustaveli and the Oriental Renaissance.“ Vol. 4. [Ed. Sh. Khidasheli]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1977: „Toward the Origin of the Greek Romance „Barlaam and Joasaph“.“ Vol. 6. [Ed. N. Natadze]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1979: „Truth and the Structure of Knowledge. Philosophy and Wisdom.“ Vol. 2. [Ed. T. Buachidze]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1980: „The Work of Rustaveli.“ Vol. 7. [Ed. Al. Baramidze]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1983: „The History of Georgian Philosophy: Book 1.“ [Ed. Sh. Khidasheli]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1985: „The History of Georgian Philosophy: Book 2.“ [Ed. Sh. Khidasheli]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.

Jalaghonia, D. (2013). Philosophical Theological Rewiever. Tbilisi: Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press. ISSN 2233 3568. Nadibaidze, F. (1981). Basic Principles of Alethologian Realism. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.