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Islamic ritual washing before prayer

Wuḍūʾ (الوضوء ALA LC ) is the Islamic procedure for cleansing parts of the body, a type of ritual purification, or ablution. The four Fardh (Mandatory) acts of wudu are washing the face, then the arms, then wiping the head, then washing or wiping the feet, and doing these in order without any big breaks between them. Wudu is an important part of ritual purity in Islam. It is governed by fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), which specifies hygienical jurisprudence and defines the rituals that constitute it. Ritual purity is called tahara. Wudu is typically performed before salah (daily ritual prayer). Activities that invalidate wudu include urination, defecation, flatulence, deep sleep, light bleeding (depending on madhhab), menstruation, postpartum status, and sexual intercourse. Wudu is often translated as 'partial ablution', as opposed to ghusl 'full ablution' where the whole body is washed. It also contrasts with tayammum or "dry ablution", which uses sand or dust in place of water principally due to water scarcity or other harmful effects on the person.

Wudu by itself is a mustahabb ("recommended act"), but it becomes obligatory in special conditions such as salah and tawaf.

Wudu in a hadith of Abu Hurairah, discussing the Day of Resurrection, said that Muhammad, when asked if he would be able to recognize Muslims, said, "Yes, you would have a mark which other people will not have. You would come to me with a white blaze on your foreheads and white marks on your feet because of the traces of ablution." Abu Hurayra said, "I have heard the prophet (may peace be upon him) say, "In a believer, adornment would reach the places where ablution reaches." Uthman stated that Muhammad said, "He who performed ablution well, his sins would come out from his body, even coming out from under his nails." Umar reported that Muhammad said, "No one among you does wuḍūʾ and does wuḍūʾ thoroughly – or adequately – and then testifies, 'There is no god but Allah Alone with no partner and I testify that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger', without the eight doors of the Garden being opened to him so that he can enter by whichever of them he wishes."

Shi'a Muslims also believe the Qur'anic mandate for wuḍūʾ comes in the sixth ayat of al Ma'idah. The āyah has been translated by Muhammad Habib Shakir. Blockquote|O ye who believe! when ye prepare for prayer, wash your faces, and your hands (and arms) to the elbows; Rub your heads (with water); and your feet to the ankles. If ye are in a state of ceremonial impurity, bathe your whole body. But if ye are ill, or on a journey, or one of you cometh from offices of nature, or ye have been in contact with women, and ye find no water, then take for yourselves clean sand or earth, and rub therewith your faces and hands, Allah doth not wish to place you in a difficulty, but to make you clean, and to complete His favour to you, that ye may be grateful.|Al Ma'idah 5:6 Such ritual purity may also be accepted in cases in weather where it would be dangerous. Tayammum is also to be performed when one is defiled and could not perform ghusl.

Theoretically, one can perform one wuḍūʾ for salat and this wudu would be considered valid for the rest of the day, unless you nullify it by certain means. Muslims believe that certain acts invalidate the wudu (often referred to as 'breaking wudu' and 'losing wudu'), although the Qur'an does not explain most of these, and rules differ among schools. According to Hidden Pearls website,
During the research and production of this video & blog post, we came across so many conflicting opinions on what breaks wudu and what doesn’t. Different schools of thought vary widely on this issue, unfortunately. Especially in the cases of ruling on general bleeding & vomiting, we were even surprised that there seemed to be no correct answer.