Тіл білімінде дыбыстық өзгерістер: Ассимиляция құбылысы

Phenomenon in linguistics

Assimilation is a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonants or vowels) change to become more similar to other nearby sounds. A common type of phonological process across languages, assimilation can occur either within a word or between words. It occurs in normal speech but becomes more common in more rapid speech. In some cases, assimilation causes the sound spoken to differ from the normal pronunciation in isolation, such as the prefix in of English input pronounced with phonetic [m] rather than [n]. In this case, [n] becomes [m] since [m] is more phonetically similar to [p]. In other cases, the change is accepted as canonical for that word or phrase, especially if it is recognized in standard spelling: implosion pronounced with [m], composed of in + plosion (as in explosion). English "handbag" (canonically /'//h//ae//n//d//b//{//g/) is often pronounced '/h//æ//m//b//æ//ɡ/ in rapid speech because the and sounds are both bilabial consonants, and their places of articulation are similar. However, the sequence has different places but similar manner of articulation (voiced stop) and is sometimes elided, which sometimes causes the canonical phoneme to assimilate to before the The pronunciations '/h//æ//n//b//æ//ɡ/ or '/h//æ//n//d//b//æ//ɡ/ are, however, common in normal speech. In contrast, the word "cupboard", although it is historically a compound of "cup" /k//ʌ//p/ and "board" /b//Or//d/, is always pronounced '/k//ʌ//b//@r//d/, never *'/k//ʌ//p//b//ɔr//d/, even in slow, highly articulated speech. Like in those examples, sound segments typically assimilate to a following sound,Assimilation to a following sound is called regressive or anticipatory assimilation. but they may also assimilate to a preceding one. Assimilation to a preceding sound is called progressive assimilation. Assimilation most commonly occurs between immediately adjacent sounds but may occur between sounds that are separated by others. This is called assimilation at a distance. Assimilation can be synchronic, an active process in a language at a given point in time, or diachronic, a historical sound change. A related process is coarticulation in which one segment influences another to produce an allophonic variation, such as vowels becoming nasalized before nasal consonants when the soft palate (velum) opens prematurely or becoming labialized as in "boot" or "ball" in some accents. This article describes both processes under the term assimilation.

There has been a notable change recognized across a variety of English dialects regarding the pronunciation of the and consonant clusters. Starting around the mid 20th century, the alveolar stop in has slowly been replaced by a post alveolar affricate instead, resulting in the all postalveolar consonant clusters and This phenomenon also occurs in , resulting in the all postalveolar consonant cluster The affrication of has been seen in American English, British English, Australian English, and New Zealand English.