Саяси метафоралар мен терминдер жинағы

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This is a list of common political metaphors.

eminence grise: literally, "grey man," from French. Colloquially, the power behind the throne. An official close to the president or monarch who has so much power behind the scenes may double or serve as the monarch. figurehead: a leader whose powers are entirely symbolic, such as a constitutional monarch. puppet government: a government that is manipulated by a foreign power for its own interests. star chamber: a secretive council or other group within a government that possesses the actual power, regardless of the government's overt form.

blank check legislation which is vaguely worded to the point where it can be widely exploited and abused. grandfather clause that allows a piece of legislation not to apply to something old or incumbent. poison pill a provision in an act or bill which defeats or undermines its initial purpose or makes it politically unacceptable. pork barrel legislation or patronage: acts of government that blatantly favor powerful special interest groups. rider that attaches something new or unrelated to an existing bill. sunset clause to prevent legislation from being permanent. a trigger law that will automatically "spring" into effect once some other variable occurs.

hard power: using military force against another country as form of punishment. soft power: using economic and diplomatic sanctions against another country as a form of punishment. soft tyranny: when a democratic government uses its power in a manner which diminishes the rights or power of the voters. big stick diplomacy: using displays of military force against other countries to show dominance.

wedge issue: an issue which turns members of a party against each other. third rail: an issue which is so controversial, pursuing it or even attempting to address it could end one's political career. straw man: the practice of refuting an argument that is weaker than what one's opponent actually offers, or which they simply have not put forth at all. A type of logical fallacy. sacred cow: an institution which few dare question, because it is so revered.

body politic: a political community conceived as a physical body. bread and circuses: satisfaction of shallow or immediate desires of the populace at the expense of good policy; also, the erosion of civic duty and the public life in a populace. government in the sunshine: a government which keeps all its records and documents open and easily accessible by the public. lame duck: a politician who has lost an election, or who is serving their last term in an office where the law limits the number of times they may succeed themselves, and is simply waiting for their term to expire. melting pot: a society in which all outsiders assimilate to one social norm. salad bowl: a society in which cultural groups retain their unique attributes (opposite of melting pot theory). spin (public relations): a heavily biased portrayal of an event or situation. turkeys voting for Christmas: Acting against one's own interests with no conceivable gain. witch hunt: a hysterical pursuit of political enemies.