Мексика мен АҚШ-тағы Оʼодхам тілі

Uto Aztecan language spoken in Mexico and US

Oʼodham (pronounced , English approximation: '/oʊ//.//ɒ//ð//ə//m//, // //d//ə//m/ OHod(h)əm) or Papago Pima is a Uto Aztecan language of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico, where the Tohono Oʼodham (formerly called the Papago) and Akimel Oʼodham (traditionally called Pima) reside. In 2000 there were estimated to be approximately 9,750 speakers in the United States and Mexico combined, although there may be more due to underreporting. It is the 10th most spoken indigenous language in the United States, the 3rd most spoken indigenous language in Arizona after Western Apache and Navajo. It is the third most spoken language in Pinal County, Arizona, and the fourth most spoken language in Pima County, Arizona. Approximately 8% of Oʼodham speakers in the US speak English "not well" or "not at all", according to results of the 2000 Census. Approximately 13% of Oʼodham speakers in the US were between the ages of 5 and 17, and among the younger Oʼodham speakers, approximately 4% were reported as speaking English "not well" or "not at all". Native names for the language, depending on the dialect and orthography, include Oʼodham ha ñeʼokĭ, Oʼottham ha neoki, and Oʼodham ñiok.

Oʼodham is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.

Oʼodham phonology has a typical Uto Aztecan inventory distinguishing 19 consonants and 5 vowels.

Extra short is realized as voiceless and devoices preceding obstruents: cuwĭ → "jackrabbit". is a fricative before unrounded vowels: wisilo appears before and in Spanish loanwords, but native words do not have nasal assimilation: to꞉nk "hill", namk "meet", ca꞉ŋgo "monkey". , , and rarely occur initially in native words, and does not occur before and are largely in complementary distribution, appearing before high vowels , appearing before low vowels : ñeʼe "sing". They contrast finally (ʼañ (1st imperfective auxiliary) vs. an "next to speaker"), though Saxton analyzes these as and , respectively, and final as in ʼa꞉ñi as However, there are several Spanish loanwords where occurs: nu꞉milo "number". Similarly, for the most part and appear before low vowels while and before high vowels, but there are exceptions to both, often in Spanish loanwords: tiki꞉la ("tequila") "wine", TO weco / AO veco ("[de]bajo") "under".

There is some disagreement among speakers as to whether the spelling of words should be only phonetic or whether etymological principles should be considered as well. For instance, oamajda vs. wuamajda ("frybread"; the spellings oamacda and wuamacda are also seen) derives from oam (a warm color roughly equivalent to yellow or brown). Some believe it should be spelled phonetically as wuamajda, reflecting the fact that it begins with , while others think its spelling should reflect the fact that it is derived from oam (oam is itself a form of s oam, so while it could be spelled wuam, it is not since it is just a different declension of the same word).