Туполев: 100 жылдық тарихы және авиация жетістіктері

Russian aerospace and defence company

Tupolev , officially Public Joint Stock Company Tupolev, is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Basmanny District, Moscow. Tupolev is successor to the Soviet Tupolev Design Bureau (OKB 156, design office prefix Tu) founded in 1922 by aerospace pioneer and engineer Andrei Tupolev, who led the company for 50 years until his death in 1972. Tupolev designed over 100 models of civilian and military aircraft and produced more than 18,000 aircraft for Russia, the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc since its founding, and celebrated its 100th anniversary on 22 October 2022. Tupolev is involved in numerous aerospace and defence sectors including development, manufacturing, and overhaul for both civil and military aerospace products such as aircraft and weapons systems, and also missile and naval aviation technologies. In 2006, Tupolev became a division of the United Aircraft Corporation in a merger with Mikoyan, Ilyushin, Irkut, Sukhoi, and Yakovlev by decree of the Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Tupolev OKB was founded by Andrei Tupolev in 1922. Its facilities are tailored for aeronautics research and aircraft design only, manufacturing is handled by other firms. It researched all metal airplanes during the 1920s, based directly on the pioneering work already done by Hugo Junkers during World War I. Among the notable results during Tupolev's early period were two significant all metal heavy bombers with corrugated duralumin skins, the ANT 4 twin engined bomber which first flew in 1925 and the four engined ANT 6 of 1932, from which such airplanes as the ANT 20 were derived (see Yefim Gordon & Vladimir Rigmant, OKB Tupolev. Hinckley, UK: Midland, 2005. pp. 22–28 & 30–34). Tupolev's design approach in these two airplanes defined for many years the trends of heavy aircraft development, civil and military. During World War II, the twin engined, all metal Tu 2 was one of the best front line bombers of the Soviets. Several variants of it were produced in large numbers from 1942. During the war it used wooden rear fuselages due to a shortage of metal. This was succeeded by the development of the jet powered Tu 16 bomber, which used a sweptback wing for good subsonic performance. As turbojets were not fuel efficient enough to provide truly intercontinental range, the Soviets elected to design a new bomber, the Tu 20, more commonly referred to as the Tu 95. It, too, was based on the fuselage and structural design of the Tu 4, but with four colossal Kuznetsov NK 12 turboprop engines providing a unique combination of jet like speed and long range. It became the definitive Soviet intercontinental bomber, with intercontinental range and jet like performance. In many respects the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing B 52 Stratofortress, it served as a strategic bomber and in many alternate roles, including reconnaissance and anti submarine warfare. The Tu 16 was developed into the civil Tu 104. The Tu 95 became the basis of the unique Tu 114 medium to long range airliner, the fastest turboprop aircraft ever. One common feature found in many large subsonic Tupolev jet aircraft is large pods extending rearward from the trailing edge of the wings, holding the aircraft's landing gear. These allow the aircraft to have landing gears made up of many large low pressure tires, which are invaluable for use on the poor quality runways that were common in the Soviet Union at the time. For example, the Tu 154 airliner, the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing 727, has 14 tyres, the same number as Boeing's far larger 777 200. Even before the first flights of the Tu 16 and Tu 20/Tu 95, Tupolev was working on supersonic bombers, culminating in the unsuccessful Tu 98. Although that aircraft never entered service, it became the basis for the prototype Tu 102 (later developed into the Tu 28 interceptor) and the Tu 105, which evolved into the supersonic Tu 22 bomber in the mid 1960s. Intended as a counterpart to the Convair B 58 Hustler, the Tu 22 proved rather less capable, although it remained in service much longer than the American aircraft. Meanwhile, the "K" Department was formed in the Design Bureau, with the task of designing unmanned aircraft such as the Tu 139 and the Tu 143 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. In the 1960s A. N. Tupolev's son, A. A. Tupolev, became active with management of the agency. His role included the development of the world's first supersonic airliner, the Tu 144, the popular Tu 154 airliner and the Tupolev Tu 22M strategic bomber. All these developments enabled the Soviet Union to achieve strategic military and civil aviation parity with the West. The Tu 144 proved a disappointment, with crashes in 1973 and 1978 resulting in its withdrawal as a passenger aircraft in 1978. In the 1970s, Tupolev concentrated its efforts on improving the performance of the Tu 22M bombers, whose variants included maritime versions. It is the presence of these bombers in quantity that brought about the SALT I and SALT II treaties. Also the efficiency and performance of the Tu 154 was improved, culminating in the efficient Tu 154M. In the 1980s the design bureau developed the supersonic Tu 160 strategic bomber. Features include variable geometry wings.

Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev was a leading designer at the Moscow based Central Aero Hydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) from 1929 until his death in 1972. This design bureau produced mostly bombers and airliners. Alexei Andreyevich Tupolev, son of Andrei Tupolev, was also a famous aircraft designer. His most famous design was the supersonic airliner Tupolev Tu 144. He managed Tupolev until his death in 2001. Igor Sergeevich Shevchuk was named the Director of OAO Tupolev in 1997, later the Chairman of the Board of Directors, and in 2001 the President and General Designer. He died unexpectedly in 2011. Alexandr Vladimirovich Koniukhov was a director general in 2016–2020. Ronis Nakipovich Sharipov appointed a director general in May 2020. Vadim Vladimirovich Korolev is a managing director since 2021. In September 2021, Rustam Minnikhanov, President of Tatarstan was elected chairman of the board of directors of Tupolev.