Мадагаскар экономикасы: статистика және салалары

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$15.969 billion (nominal, 2023 est.) $57.044 billion (PPP, 2023 est.) 4.8% (2019)
| hdi =
| edbr = 161th (below average, 2020)
| labor = 13.40 million (2017 est.) | unemployment = 1.8%
| industries = meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile manufacturing, paper, petroleum, tourism,
| exports = $2.35 billion (2017 est.) | export goods = coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, cotton cloth, clothing, chromite, petroleum products
| export partners = 19% 18% 7% 6%
6% 5% 5% (2019) (2019 est.) | imports = $3.235 billion (2017 est. )—deterred foreign investments in Madagascar and caused the Malagasy economy to decline. Foreign investments have resumed following the resumption of elections in early 2014. Madagascar is a least developed country according to United Nations.

Over the years, successive French colonial and independence era governments have sought to modernize Madagascar's economy. The first modern land use projects were established by French settlers or Creole immigrants from the Mascarene Islands in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is Madagascar's largest industry and employs 82% of its labor force. Madagascar's varied climate, ranging from tropical along the coasts, moderate in the highlands and arid in the south, allows for the cultivation of tropical crops such as rice, cassava, beans and bananas. Madagascar produces the largest vanilla harvest in the world and Malagasy vanilla accounts for 80 85% of the global vanilla market.

The fishing industry is present with 66 industrial fishing vessels. Fees & taxes for fishing licences are estimated at 3,6 billion Ariary (US$ 80 million) for 2023.

Exports from Madagascar's Export Processing Zones, located around Antananarivo and Antsirabe, account for the majority of garment exports and are largely exempt from customs restrictions in the United States under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and in the European Union under the Everything but Arms (EBA) agreement.

A small but growing part of the economy is based on mining of ilmenite, with investments emerging in recent years, particularly near Tulear and Fort Dauphin. Mining corporation Rio Tinto Group started production at its Fort Dauphin Mandena mine in January 2009, following several years of preparation. The mining project is highly controversial, with Friends of the Earth and other environmental organizations filing reports to detail their concerns about the mine's effect on the environment and local communities. Gemstone mining is also an important part of Madagascar's economy. Several major projects are underway in the mining and oil and gas sectors that, if successful, will give a significant boost. In the mining sector, these include the development of coal at Sakoa and nickel near Tamatave. The Ambatovy mine (nickel & cobalt Sherrit International 40%, Sumitomo 27.5%, Korea Resources 27.5%, SNC Lavalin 5%) is a huge operation and has cost US$4.76 million to date and is due to start production in 2011. In oil, Madagascar Oil is developing the massive onshore heavy oil field at Tsimiroro and ultra heavy oil field at Bemolanga.

Following the 2002 political crisis, the government attempted to set a new course and build confidence, in coordination with international financial institutions and donors. Madagascar developed a recovery plan in collaboration with the private sector and donors and presented it at a "Friends of Madagascar" conference organized by the World Bank in Paris in July 2002. Donor countries demonstrated their confidence in the new government by pledging $1 billion in assistance over five years. The Malagasy Government identified road infrastructure as its principal priority and underlined its commitment to public private partnership by establishing a joint public private sector steering committee. The Madagascar U. S. Business Council was formed as a collaboration between the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Malagasian artisan producers in Madagascar in 2002. The U. S. Madagascar Business Council was formed in the United States in May 2003, and the two organisations continue to explore ways to work for the benefit of both groups. The government of former President Marc Ravalomanana was aggressively seeking foreign investment and had planned to tackle many of the obstacles to such investment, including combating corruption, reforming land ownership laws, encouraging study of American and European business techniques, and active pursuit of foreign investors. President Ravalomanana rose to prominence through his agro foods TIKO company, and is known for attempting to apply many of the lessons learned in the world of business to running the government. Prior to Ravalomanana's resignation, concerns had arisen about the conflict of interest between his policies and the activities of his firms. Most notable among them the preferential treatment for rice imports initiated by the government in late 2004 when responding to a production shortfall in the country. Madagascar's appeal to investors stems from its competitive, trainable work force. More than 200 investors, particularly garment manufacturers, were organized under the country's export processing zone (EPZ) system since it was established in 1989. The absence of quota limits on textile imports to the European market under the Lomé Convention helped stimulate this growth. Growth in output in 1992–97 averaged less than the growth rate of the population. Growth has been taken away by a decline in world coffee demand, and the erratic commitment of the government to economic reform. During a period of solid growth from 1997 to 2001, poverty levels remained stubbornly high, especially in rural areas. A six month political crisis triggered by a dispute over the outcome of the presidential elections held in December 2001 virtually halted economic activity in much of the country in the first half of 2002. Real GDP dropped 12.7% in 2002, inflows of foreign investment dropped sharply, and the crisis tarnished Madagascar's budding reputation as an AGOA standout and a promising place to invest. After the crisis, the economy rebounded with GDP growth of over 10% in 2003. Currency depreciation and rising inflation in 2004 hampered economic performance, but growth for the year reached 5.3%, with inflation reaching around 25% at the end of the year. In 2005 inflation was brought under control by tight monetary policy of raising the Taux Directeur (central bank rate) to 16% and tightening reserve requirements for banks. Thus growth was expected to reach around 6.5% in 2005. During Ravalomanana's presidency, the government adopted a series of business laws and regulations, including the commercial companies law (2003), labor law (2003), regulations on the application of commercial companies law (2004), public procurement law (2004), competition law (2005), foreign exchange law (2006), investment law (2007), and free zones and free enterprises law (2007).

Despite a wealth of abundant and diverse natural resources, Madagascar is one of the world's poorest countries. Madagascar holds great potential for agricultural development, mainly due to the large variety of soil types and climatic diversity. Nevertheless, natural hazards (cyclones, drought, locust invasions) combined with old fashioned farming practices limit production. The standard of living of the Malagasy population has been declining dramatically over the past 25 years. The country has gone from being a net exporter of agricultural products in the 1960s to a net importer since 1971. Inappropriate traditional agricultural methods cause soil to erode and soil quality to decline, and the basis of survival for Madagascar's people is under serious threat.

As of 2018, only 15% of the population of Madagascar has access to electricity.

In 2000, Madagascar embarked on the preparation of a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) under the Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) Initiative. The boards of the IMF and of the World Bank concurred in December 2000 that the country was eligible under the HIPC Initiative, and Madagascar reached the decision point for debt relief. On March 1, 2001, the IMF Board granted the country $103 million for 2001–03 under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGR). Resources were intended for improving access to health, education, rural roads, water, and direct support to communities. In addition, on March 7, 2001, the Paris Club approved a debt cancellation of $161 million. On February 28, 2001, the African Development Bank (ADB) approved under the HIPC a debt cancellation of $71.46 million and granted in June 2001 an additional credit of $20 million to fight against AIDS and poverty. Partly as a result of these credits but also as a result of previous reforms, average GDP growth exceeded the population growth rate of 2.8% in 1997 (3.5%), 1998 (3.9%), 1999 (4.7%) and 2000 (4.8%). In October 2004, the boards of the IMF and the World Bank determined that Madagascar had reached the completion point under the enhanced HIPC Initiative.

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2023. YearGDP(in billion US$ PPP)GDP per capita(in US$ PPP)GDP (in billion US$ nominal)GDP growth (real)Inflation (in Percent)Government debt (in % of GDP)19808.8671,021.75.2020.78818.278n/a19818.755982.44.759 −9.80030.457n/a19829.119996.64.785 −1.90031.907n/a19839.5621,017.74.6860.90019.469n/a198410.0811,045.03.9061.7609.720n/a198510.5201,062.03.8031.15610.566n/a198610.9421,075.84.3481.96014.492n/a198711.3451,086.23.2131.17515.461n/a198812.1451,132.53.1893.40726.338n/a198913.1351,192.93.1764.0759.017n/a199014.0531,243.03.9313.12911.85992.701199113.6121,172.63.255 −6.3068.540113.835199214.0871,181.83.7151.18114.567110.875199314.7241,203.04.0632.1009.990105.192199415.0321,192.33.522 −0.04238.99295.963199515.6051,201.63.8381.67949.03695.837199616.2331,213.44.9322.15419.76198.716199717.1231,242.54.2633.6934.49289.740199817.9941,267.54.4023.9176.210108.460199919.1051,306.54.2784.6997.189104.115200020.4081,354.94.6294.45711.57090.212200122.1161,425.45.4385.9807.91782.144200219.6741,230.95.352 −12.40816.49986.693200322.0251,337.76.3729.785 −1.70485.862200423.8051,403.65.0655.25713.95681.896200525.7191,472.15.8594.75618.36474.366200627.9441,552.86.3965.39910.76632.226200730.3381,636.68.5255.71110.28828.210200832.9961,727.910.7256.7139.29731.010200931.8861,621.09.617 −3.9798.95434.857201032.4691,602.49.9830.6199.24732.341201133.6671,613.011.5521.5789.48329.947201234.2111,591.211.5793.0115.71430.435201335.2571,591.912.4242.3005.82636.243201436.7021,608.712.5233.3396.08037.848201537.4861,595.111.3233.1327.40444.062201639.9971,652.211.8493.9936.05640.281201740.5151,624.713.1763.9338.59040.130201842.8141,667.613.7603.1948.59842.896201945.5041,715.514.1054.4115.62341.253202042.8081,565.813.051 −7.1384.18852.198202147.2981,678.514.5555.7405.81952.029202252.6361,817.415.1494.0008.15755.129202356.7541,906.615.7634.00010.50054.026