Каталонияның Бергеда аймағының табиғаты мен географиясы

Berguedà is an inland comarca in the central region of Catalonia, Spain. It lies partly in the Pyrenees and Pre Pyrenees, and partly in the Catalan Central Depression. The capital is the city of Berga.

The northern half of Berguedà, known as Alt Berguedà (“Upper Berguedà”), consists of the upper Llobregat Valley and the mountainous areas surrounding it. Its northern border is a veritable mountain barrier: Berguedà is separated from Cerdanya by a chain of 2,000 meter peaks. These include the mountain ranges of Cadí, Moixeró, Puig d'Alp and Puigllançada. In this area the population is centered mainly in the Llobregat Valley and the valleys of the rivers Bagà, Bastareny and Saldes. To the east are the mountain ranges of Catllaràs and Rasos de Tubau, to the west the high ranges of Pedraforca, Verd, Ensija and Rasos de Peguera. The more populous Baix Berguedà ("Lower Berguedà") is the southern part of the comarca. It lies along the foothills of the Pyrenees, transitioning into the plains of the Catalan Central Depression. In addition to towns of medieval origin such as Gironella, Casserres, or Puig reig, it includes a large number of industrial colonies built along the Llobregat river after the Industrial Revolution.

Alt Berguedà is rainy and (by Catalan standards) cold, with snow in the winter on the higher peaks. Average annual precipitation exceeds 1000 mm (40 inches), mostly in the warmer seasons. The vegetation consists mainly of forests of Scots pine and oak. Shadier areas have European beech and, less often, silver fir. Above 1700 meters, Mountain Pine dominates and above 2200 meters the vegetation consists primarily of alpine meadows. The southern half of Berguedà consists of lower valleys, with a dry Mediterranean climate. Average annual precipitation is 700 to 900 mm (28 to 36 inches), with very little precipitation in the summer. Average annual temperatures fall between 11 and 13 °C, with cold winters, but without excessively hot summers. The naturally occurring vegetation is carrascara (round leafed oak, Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia) in dry areas with poor soil and oaks where there is better soil and more rain. In the center and to the west, Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea) dominates, to the west and north downy oak (Quercus pubescens, syn. Q. humilis). Nowadays, these are intermixed with Scots pine and Aleppo pine.

Berguedà has always been sparsely populated. In 1860 there were 31,544 inhabitants, but by 1887 the population had fallen to a low of 23,257. The 1900 census showed a slight rebound to 27,217 inhabitants. For the next 60 years, growing opportunities in mining, textiles, forestry, cattle ranching, and agriculture led to a slow but steady increase, with 39,600 inhabitants in 1930, 41,938 in 1950 and 47,953 in 1960. Then, with a decline in the local economy (especially a fall off in mining) coinciding with greater opportunity elsewhere, another decline of the economy and population set in, with the population falling to 44,446 in 1970, 42,152 in 1981, and a mere 40,555 today. Currently, industrial activity is located mainly in between Berga and Puig reig. The opening of the Cadí Tunnel and the general improvement of the roads in recent (as of 2004) years may improve the economic potential of the Llobregat Valley and of Berguedà in general. Agriculture, cattle ranching and forestry have proven generally complementary to one another and compatible with tourism. The growth in tourism has provided some jobs and has been a key factor in reducing emigration from Alt Berguedà. Many farmhouses have been converted (in whole or in part) to tourism related uses. The current Berguedà population as of 2019 is 44,632 people.

Berguedà is well known for Pedraforca Mountain (traditionally considered a meeting place for witches' covens), for its pastoral and mountain scenery, and for its many Romanesque churches. Another oft visited sight is the Mountain of Queralt (home to a sanctuary housing the Comarca's patroness, Our Lady of Queralt), which is served by many hiking trails and offers views of much of Berguedà and the surrounding comarques. The comarca also boasts many medieval bridges and has preserved many old town centers, most notably those of Berga and Bagà.

Berguedà is well known for its many traditional festivals. The most famous is certainly the Patum, a week long celebration held in Berga every summer. During the Patum, representations of different mythological beasts and historical figures take to the streets, and concerts and banquets are also organized in the town. Another well known celebration is the Fia faia, held every Christmas Eve in Bagà and Sant Julià de Cerdanyola. This pre Christian tradition marks the winter solstice, with participants carrying lighted bundles of Cephalaria leucanta from a bonfire in the mountains to the west of either town (where the sun is seen to set) to the main square.

Municipality Population(2014) Areakm Avià 2,258 27.2 Bagà 2,225 43.1 Berga 16,456 22.6 Borredà 540 43.4 Capolat 88 34.1 Casserres 1,569 29.5 Castell de l'Areny 75 24.4 Castellar de n'Hug 159 47.1 Castellar del Riu 171 32.7 Cercs 1,246 47.4 L'Espunyola 259 35.5 Fígols 43 29.3 Gironella 4,987 6.8 Gisclareny 25 36.5 Gósol 216 56.3 Guardiola de Berguedà 937 61.7 Montclar 117 21.9 Montmajor 476 76.5 La Nou de Berguedà 150 25.0 Olvan 876 35.6 La Pobla de Lillet 1,155 51.4 Puig reig 4,207 45.8 La Quar 57 38.2 Sagàs 149 44.6 Saldes 283 66.4 Sant Jaume de Frontanyà 24 21.3 Sant Julià de Cerdanyola 239 11.8 Santa Maria de Merlès 177 52.1 Vallcebre 258 28.0 Vilada 443 22.3 Viver i Serrateix 174 66.8 • Total: 31 40,039 1,185.3