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Ship class built for the Royal Navy during the First World War

The Courageous class consisted of three battlecruisers known as "large light cruisers" built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. The class was nominally designed to support the Baltic Project, a plan by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher that was intended to land troops on the German Baltic Coast. Ships of this class were fast but very lightly armoured, with only a few heavy guns. They were given a shallow draught, in part to allow them to operate in the shallow waters of the Baltic but also reflecting experience gained earlier in the war. To maximize their speed, the Courageous class battlecruisers were the first capital ships of the Royal Navy to use geared steam turbines and small tube boilers. The first two ships, and , were commissioned in 1917 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea. They participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in November 1917 and were present when the High Seas Fleet surrendered a year later. Their half sister was designed with a pair of guns, the largest guns ever fitted on a ship of the Royal Navy, but was modified during construction to take a flying off deck and hangar in lieu of her forward turret and barbette. After some patrols in the North Sea, her rear turret was removed and another flight deck added. Her aircraft attacked the Zeppelin sheds during the Tondern raid in July 1918. All three ships were laid up after the war, but were rebuilt into the Courageous class aircraft carriers during the 1920s. Glorious and Courageous were sunk early in the Second World War and Furious was sold for scrap in 1948.

The first two Courageous class battlecruisers were designed in 1915 to meet a set of requirements laid down by the First Sea Lord, Admiral Fisher, with his Baltic Project in mind. They were to be large enough to ensure that they could maintain their speed in heavy weather, have a powerful armament and a speed of at least to allow them to outrun enemy light cruisers. Their protection was to be light for a cruiser, with of armour between the waterline and the forecastle deck, anti torpedo bulges amidships and the machinery as far inboard as possible, protected by triple torpedo bulkheads. Shallow draught was of the utmost importance and all other factors were to be subordinated to this. The Director of Naval Construction (DNC), Sir Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt, responded on 23 February 1915 with a smaller version of the s with one less gun turret and reduced armour protection. The Chancellor of the Exchequer had forbidden any further construction of ships larger than light cruisers in 1915, so Fisher designated the ships as large light cruisers to evade this prohibition. If this restriction had not been in place, the ships would have been built as improved versions of the preceding Renown class. The two ships were laid down a few months later under a veil of secrecy, so they became known in the Royal Navy as "Lord Fisher's hush hush cruisers" and their odd design also earned them the nickname of the Outrageous class. Their half sister Furious was designed a few months later to meet a revised requirement specifying an armament of two BL 18 inch Mk I guns, the largest guns ever fitted on a Royal Navy ship, in single turrets with the ability to use twin gun turrets if the 18 inch guns were unsatisfactory. Gunnery experts criticized this decision because the long time between salvoes would make spotting corrections useless and reduce the rate of fire and thus the probability of a direct hit. Her secondary armament was upgraded to BL Mk I guns, rather than the guns used by the first two ships, to compensate for the weakness of the two main guns against fast moving targets like destroyers. Her displacement and beam were increased over that of her half sisters with slightly less draught. In fact they could be considered the epitome of Fisher's belief in the paramount importance of speed over everything else. Fisher's adherence to this principle is highlighted in a letter he wrote to Churchill concerning the battleships of the 1912–13 Naval Estimates. In the letter, dated April 1912, Fisher stated: "There must be sacrifice of armour There must be further VERY GREAT INCREASE IN SPEED your speed must vastly exceed [that of] your possible enemy!" Fisher's desire for a shallow draught was not merely based on the need to allow for inshore operations; ships tended to operate closer to deep load than anticipated and were often found lacking in freeboard, reserve buoyancy and safety against underwater attack. This experience led the DNC to reconsider the proportions of the hull to rectify the problems identified thus far. The Courageous class ships were the first products of that re evaluation.

The Courageous class ships had an overall length of 786 feet (240 m), a beam of 81 feet (25 m), and a draught of 25 feet (8 m) at deep load. They displaced normally and at deep load. They had a metacentric height of 6 feet (2 m) at deep load and a complete double bottom. Their half sister Furious was the same length, but had a beam of 88 feet (27 m) and a draught of 24 feet (7 m) at deep load. She displaced at load and at deep load. She had a metacentric height of 5.33 feet (2 m) at deep load. They were designed to normally carry of fuel oil, but could carry a maximum of At full capacity, they could steam for an estimated at a speed of .

The Courageous class ships mounted four BL 15 inch Mark I guns in two twin hydraulically powered Mark I turrets, one each fore (designated the 'A' turret) and aft (the 'Y' turret). The guns could be depressed to −3° and elevated to 20°; they could be loaded at any angle up to 20°, although loading at high angles tended to slow the gun's return to battery (firing position). The ships carried 120 shells per gun. They fired projectiles at a muzzle velocity of ; this provided a maximum range of with armour piercing shells. The Courageous class ships were designed with 18 BL 4 inch Mark IX guns, fitted in six triple mounts. These were manually powered and quite cumbersome in use as they required a crew of thirty two men to load and train the guns. The gun's rate of fire was only 10 to 12 rounds per minute as the loaders kept getting in each other's way. They had a maximum depression of −10° and a maximum elevation of 30°. They fired a high explosive shell at a muzzle velocity of At maximum elevation the guns had a maximum range of The ships carried 120 rounds for each gun. anti aircraft guns on single high angle Mark II mountings. These were mounted abreast the mainmast in the Courageous class ships and before the funnel on Furious. All three ships carried ten torpedoes and mounted two submerged side loading torpedo tubes fitted near 'A' turret. They were loaded and traversed by hydraulic power, but fired by compressed air. The 18 inch BL Mark I gun carried by Furious was derived from the 15 inch Mark I gun used in her half sisters. It was intended to be mounted in two single gun turrets derived from the twin gun 15 inch Mark I/N turret, and her barbettes were designed to accommodate either turret in case problems arose with the 18 inch gun's development, but only one turret was actually fitted. The gun could depress to −3° and elevate to a maximum of 30°. It fired a , 4 crh armour piercing, capped shell at a muzzle velocity of to a distance of It could fire one round per minute and the ship carried sixty rounds of ammunition. The turret's revolving mass was , only slightly more than the of its predecessor. Furiouss secondary armament consisted of 11 BL 5.5 inch Mk I guns. The guns had a maximum elevation of 25° on their pivot mounts. They fired projectiles at a muzzle velocity of at a rate of 12 rounds per minute. Their maximum range was at 25° elevation.

The main guns of the Courageous class ships could be controlled from either of the two fire control directors. The primary director was mounted above the conning tower in an armoured hood and the other was in the fore top on the foremast. The secondary armament was also director controlled. Each turret was provided with a 15 feet (5 m) rangefinder in an armoured housing on the turret roof. The fore top was equipped with a 9 feet (3 m) rangefinder as was the torpedo control tower above the rear superstructure. The anti aircraft guns were controlled by a simple rangefinder mounted on the aft superstructure.

Unlike on other British battlecruisers, the bulk of the armour of the Courageous class ships was made from high tensile steel, a type of steel used structurally in other ships. Their waterline belt consisted of covered by a skin. It ran from barbette to barbette with a one inch extension forward to the two inch forward bulkhead well short of the bow. The belt had a height of 23 feet (7 m), of which was below the designed waterline. From the forward barbette a three inch bulkhead extended out to the ship's side between the upper and lower decks and a comparable bulkhead was in place at the rear barbette as well. Four decks were armoured with thicknesses varying from , with the greatest thicknesses over the magazines and the steering gear. After the loss of three battlecruisers to magazine explosions during the Battle of Jutland, of extra protection was added to the deck around the magazines. The turrets, barbettes and conning tower were made from Krupp cemented armour. The turret faces were thick while their sides ranged from in thickness and the roof was thick. The barbettes had a maximum thickness of above the main deck, but reduced in thickness to between the lower and main decks. The conning tower armour was thick and it had a three inch roof. The primary fire control director atop the conning tower was protected by an armoured hood. The face of the hood was six inches thick, its sides were two inches thick and its roof was protected by three inches of armour. A communications tube with three inch sides ran from the conning tower down to the lower conning position on the main deck. The torpedo bulkheads were increased during building from to in thickness. All three ships were fitted with a shallow anti torpedo bulge integral to the hull which was intended to explode the torpedo before it hit the hull proper and vent the underwater explosion to the surface rather than into the ship. However, later testing proved that it was not deep enough to accomplish its task as it lacked the layers of empty and full compartments that were necessary to absorb the force of the explosion.

Over the course of 1917 the Admiralty was becoming more concerned about German efforts in the North Sea to sweep paths through the British laid minefields intended to restrict the actions of the High Seas Fleet and German submarines. A preliminary raid on German minesweeping forces on 31 October by light forces destroyed ten small ships and the Admiralty decided on a larger operation to destroy the minesweepers and their escorting light cruisers. Based on intelligence reports the Admiralty decided on 17 November 1917 to allocate two light cruiser squadrons, the 1st CS covered by the reinforced 1st Battlecruiser Squadron and, more distantly, the battleships of the 1st Battle Squadron to the operation. The German ships, four light cruisers of II Scouting Force, eight destroyers, three divisions of minesweepers, eight Sperrbrechers (cork filled trawlers, used to detonate mines without sinking) and two trawlers to mark the swept route, were spotted at 7:30 a. m., silhouetted by the rising sun. Courageous and the light cruiser opened fire with their forward guns seven minutes later. The Germans responded by laying an effective smoke screen. The British continued in pursuit, but lost track of most of the smaller ships in the smoke and concentrated fire on the light cruisers as opportunity permitted. One 15 inch hit was made on a gun shield of , but it did not affect her speed. At 8:33 the left hand gun in Gloriouss forward turret was wrecked when a shell detonated inside the gun barrel. At 9:30 the 1st CS broke off their pursuit so they would not enter a minefield marked on their maps; the ships turned south, playing no further role in the battle. The German ships had too much of a lead to be caught by the British ships before they had to turn to avoid the minefield. Both ships had taken minor damage from their own muzzle blasts, and Glorious required five days of repairs. Courageous fired 92 rounds of 15 inch while Glorious fired 57, scoring only the single hit on Pillau between them. They also fired 180 and 213 four inch shells respectively. Courageouss mine fittings were removed after the battle and both ships received flying off platforms on top of their turrets in 1918. A Sopwith Camel was carried on the rear turret and a Sopwith 1½ Strutter on the forward turret. Furious was recommissioned on 15 March 1918 and her embarked aircraft were used on anti Zeppelin patrols in the North Sea after May. In July 1918 she flew off seven Sopwith Camels which participated in the Tondern raid, attacking the Zeppelin sheds at Tondern with moderate success. All three ships were present at the surrender of the German fleet on 21 November 1918.

Courageous was reduced to reserve at Rosyth on 1 February 1919 before being assigned to the Gunnery School at Devonport the following year as a turret drill ship. She became flagship of the Rear Admiral Commanding the Reserve at Devonport in March 1920. Glorious was also reduced to reserve at Rosyth on 1 February and served as a turret drill ship, but succeeded her sister as flagship between 1921 and 1922. Furious was placed in reserve 21 November 1919 before beginning reconstruction as an aircraft carrier in 1921. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 required the signatory nations to severely curtail their plans for new warships and scrap many existing warships to meet its tonnage limits. Up to of existing ships, however, could be converted into aircraft carriers, and the Royal Navy chose to convert the Courageous class ships because of their high speed. Each ship was reconstructed with a full length flight deck during the 1920s. Their 15 inch turrets were placed into storage and later reused during the Second World War for , the Royal Navy's last battleship. As the first large, or "fleet", carrier completed by the Royal Navy, Furious was extensively used to evaluate aircraft handling and landing procedures, including the first ever carrier night landing in 1926. Courageous became the first warship lost by the Royal Navy in the Second World War II when she was torpedoed in September 1939. Glorious unsuccessfully hunted the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee in the Indian Ocean in 1939. She participated in the Norwegian Campaign in 1940, but was sunk by the German battleships German battleship Scharnhorst and German battleship Gneisenau on 8 June 1940 in the North Sea. Furious spent the first months of the war hunting for German raiders and escorting convoys before she began to support British forces in Norway. She spent most of 1940 in Norwegian waters making attacks on German installations and shipping, and most of 1941 ferrying aircraft to West Africa, Gibraltar and Malta before refitting in the United States. She ferried aircraft to Malta during 1942 and provided air support to British forces during Operation Torch. Furious spent most of 1943 training with the Home Fleet, but made numerous air strikes against the German battleship Tirpitz and other targets in Norway in 1944. She was worn out by late 1944 and was reduced to reserve in September before being decommissioned the following year. Furious was sold in 1948 for scrap.