Ислам билігіндегі мұсылман емес азаматтардың жағдайы: "Дхиммитуд" терминінің тарихы мен мағынасы

a neologism
Polemical characterization of the status of non Muslims under Islamic rule
Dhimmitude is a polemical neologism characterizing the status of non Muslims under Muslim rule, popularized by the Egyptian born British writer Bat Ye'or in the 1980s and 1990s. It is a portmanteau word constructed from the Arabic dhimmi 'non Muslim living in an Islamic state' and the French (serv)itude 'subjection'. Bat Ye’or defines it as a permanent status of subjection in which Jews and Christians have been held under Islamic rule since the eighth century, and that forces them to accept discrimination or "face forced conversion, slavery or death". The term gained traction among Bosnian Serb forces during the Balkan wars in the 1990s and is popular among self proclaimed counter jihadi authors. Some scholars have dismissed it as polemical.

The term was coined in 1982 by the President of Lebanon, Bachir Gemayel, in reference to attempts by the country's Muslim leadership to subordinate the native Lebanese Christian minority. In a speech of September 14, 1982 given at Dayr al Salib in Lebanon, he said: "Lebanon is our homeland and will remain a homeland for Christians We want to continue to christen, to celebrate our rites and traditions, our faith and our creed whenever we wish Henceforth, we refuse to live in any dhimmitude!" The concept of "dhimmitude" was introduced into Western discourse by the writer Bat Ye'or in a French language article published in the Italian journal italic=yes in 1983. In Bat Ye'or's use, "dhimmitude" refers to allegations of non Muslims appeasing and surrendering to Muslims and discrimination against non Muslims in Muslim majority regions. Ye'or further popularized the term in her books The Decline of Eastern Christianity and the 2003 followup Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide. In a 2011 interview, she claimed to have indirectly inspired Gemayel's use of the term.

This Islamizing innovation, one of many formative Arabic impacts on Jewish philosophy, regarding servitude, apparent also in his language had little earlier basis in Jewish laws regarding residents in Israel (ger toshav). Noah Felodman and David Novak note that it bears a close parallel with what Islamic law requires of dhimmis, non Muslims desiring to live unconverted in Islamic countries: "Maimonides here both borrows the Islamic legal model of subordinate status for tolerated peoples and turns it on its head by putting Jews on top and others below."