Былани: Чехиядағы неолиттік мәдениет орны

Danubian Neolithic archaeological site in the Czech Republic

Bylany is a Danubian Neolithic (New Stone Age) archaeological site located around east of Prague in the Czech region of Bohemia. Excavation began in 1955 and work continues today. Bylany (Bohemia, Czech Republic), in addition to Eythra (Saxony, Germany), Herxheim (Rhineland Palatinate, Germany), Těšetice (Moravia, Czech Republic), is regarded as the residential area for the first farmers in Europe and one of the largest Neolithic settlements in Central Europe. The area is agricultural and consists of many streams, ravines, and marshlands. The archaeological site at Bylany was the area of two defining Danubian cultures, the Linear Pottery culture (from German: Linearbandkeramik), often abbreviated as LBK, and the Stroked Pottery culture (from German: Stichbandkeramik), often abbreviated as STK. The LBK culture is theorised to have covered the period between 5600 5000 cal. BC, and the STK culture the period between 5000 4400 cal. BC. These dates are contested, and some archaeologists place the dates of the LBK culture closer to 5500 4900/4950 cal. BC. Excavations and studies over the years have unearthed many artefacts of the Neolithic period. These include pottery fragments (LBK and STK origins), and stone tools. Studies have also uncovered non moveable features of the period these include longhouses and rondels identified using non destructive methodologies i. e. aerial and geophysical prospection, and other methods such as magneto metric anaysis. Pottery is used by archaeologists to determine the chronology of events at Bylany as the differing of styles and techniques to decorate and create suggests the time period and culture that produced the artefact. Czech archaeologists in Prague have sort to make a digitised museum to present the site to a global audience. Estimates place the culture at the site at around 5600 5500 cal. BC until approximately 5000 4900 cal. BC. The culture gets its name from the different style of pottery decoration used, which was the narrower engraved lines, increased density of strokes, and proliferation of engraved lines with punctures. The study suggests that the "presence of gel forming hydrated organic polymers increases the clay's plasticity". This type of device has the advantage of creating realistic spatial models of the artefact. The device used in this study was the smartSCAN 3D scanner.

Multi image photogrammetry uses multiple images in conjunction with specific software to create three dimensional objects. This study used Photomodeler and ImageMaster as the processing software. It has enabled archaeologists to digitise immovable objects.

Three dimensional models are created using the two dimensional data i. e., floor plans and aerial photos. After a preliminary image is created extra layers are added such as the roofing, string walls and interior and exterior equipment. The authors of this report opted to use the programme Blender (open source).

The Neolithic period (9500 cal. BC – 1900 cal. BC), which current evidence (cultivation and animal domestication) suggests began in southwest Asia in 9500 cal. BC, changed the way we as human survived and diminished the necessity of hunting and gathering with the adoption of farming and animal keeping. Evidence found at Bylany (settlement agglomeration) and even Eythra (wooden water wells), Herxheim (rondels with human remains), and Těšetice (circle wall enclosures), have shifted the insight into the first European farmers.