Кіріспе
Географиялық деректер файлы — географиялық ақпараттық жүйелерде (ГИС) растрлық карта суреттерін геодеректеу үшін қолданылатын алты жолды қарапайым мәтіндік файл. Файл спецификациясын Esri енгізді. Ол былай құрылған:
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
1-жол: A: карта бірліктеріндегі x бағытындағы пикселдің мөлшері (пикселге шаққанда)
2-жол: D: y ось бойынша бұрылу
3-жол: B: x ось бойынша бұрылу
4-жол: E: карта бірліктеріндегі y бағытындағы пикселдің мөлшері, көбінесе теріс
5-жол: C: жоғарғы сол пиксел ортасының x координатасы
6-жол: F: жоғарғы сол пиксел ортасының y координатасы
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
Дегенмен, бұл сипаттама шатастырады, өйткені D және B параметрлері бұрыштық бұрылулар емес, ал A және E параметрлері D немесе B нөл болмаса, пиксел мөлшеріне сәйкес келмейді. A, D, B және E параметрлері кейде «x масштаб», «y қисықтық», «x қисықтық» және «y масштаб» деп аталады. A, D, B және E параметрлерін жақсырақ сипаттау:
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
1-жол: A: пиксел енінің x компоненті (x масштаб)
2-жол: D: пиксел енінің y компоненті (y қисықтық)
3-жол: B: пиксел биіктігінің x компоненті (x қисықтық)
4-жол: E: пиксел биіктігінің y компоненті (y масштаб), әдетте теріс
5-жол: C: түпнұсқа кескіннің жоғарғы сол пикселінің ортасының координатасы, картаға түрлендірілген
6-жол: F: түпнұсқа кескіннің жоғарғы сол пикселінің ортасының y координатасы, картаға түрлендірілген
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
Барлық төрт параметр карта бірліктерінде беріледі, олар растр үшін кеңістіктік анықтама жүйесімен сипатталады. Егер D немесе B нөлден өзгеше болса, пиксел ені былай есептеледі:
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
ал пиксел биіктігі былай есептеледі:
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) координаталар жүйесіндегі картаны сипаттайтын файлдар мынадай конвенцияларды қолданады:
D және B әдетте 0 болады, өйткені бейне пиксельдері UTM тормен сәйкес келуі керек.
C — UTM шығыс координатасы
F — UTM солтүстік координатасы
Бөлшектер әрқашан пикселге шаққанда метрмен беріледі.
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
Жоғарыдағы сипаттама тікбұрышты, бұрылмаған кескінге де қолданылады. Егер әлем файлы нысана проекциясы осінен бұрылған кескінді сипаттайтын болса, онда A, D, B және E қажетті аффиндік түрлендіруден шығарылуы керек (төменде қараңыз). Атап айтқанда, A және E енді тиісінше осі бойынша метр/пиксел өлшемдері болмайды. Бұл мәндер алты параметрлік аффиндік түрлендіруде қолданылады:
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
Оны мына теңдеулер жиынтығы ретінде жазуға болады:
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
мұнда:
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
x''' — картадағы пикселдің есептелген UTM шығыс координатасы
y''' — картадағы пикселдің есептелген UTM солтүстік координатасы
x — кескіндегі пикселдің баған нөмірі (солдан санап)
y — кескіндегі пикселдің қатар нөмірі (жоғарыдан санап)
A — x масштаб; x бағытындағы карта бірліктеріндегі пикселдің өлшемі
B, D — бұрылу шарттары
C, F — аударма шарттары: жоғарғы сол пиксел ортасының x, y карта координаттары
E — y масштабтың теріс мәні: y бағытындағы карта бірліктеріндегі пикселдің өлшемі
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
y масштаб (E) теріс, өйткені кескіннің және UTM координаталар жүйесінің бастапқы нүктелері әртүрлі. Кескіннің бастапқы нүктесі жоғарғы сол жақ бұрышта орналасқан, ал карта координаттар жүйесінің бастапқы нүктесі төменгі сол жақ бұрышта орналасқан. Кескіндегі қатар мәндері бастапқы нүктеден төмен қарай өседі, ал картадағы y координаттары мәндері бастапқы нүктеден жоғары қарай өседі. Көптеген карталық бағдарламалар «көкке аударылған» кескіндерді (яғни оң y'' масштабы бар кескіндерді) өңдей алмайды. UTM (x'y') координаталарынан пикселдік позицияға (x,y) өту үшін мына теңдеуді қолдануға болады:
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
Мысал:
Түпнұсқа falknermap.jpg 800×600 пикселге тең (карта көрсетілмеген). Оның әлемдік файлы — falknermap.jgw және мыналарды қамтиды:
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
Фолкнер аралындағы шамның картадағы орналасуы:
x = 171 пиксел солдан
y = 343 пиксел жоғарыдан
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
Бұл келесіні береді:
x1 = 696672 метр шығысқа қарай
y1 = 4565024 метр солтүстікке қарай
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
UTM (тор) аймағы берілмеген, сондықтан координаттар екіталай — олар шамамен 120 UTM тор аймақтарының кез келгеніндегі орналасуды білдіре алады. Бұл жағдайда шамамен ендік және бойлық (41.2, −072.7) газеттерде қарастырылды және UTM (тор) аймағы веб-конвертер арқылы 18 деп табылды.
Geographic data file
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification was introduced by Esri.) is:
Line 1: A: pixel size in the x direction in map units/pixel
Line 2: D: rotation about y axis
Line 3: B: rotation about x axis
Line 4: E: pixel size in the y direction in map units, almost always negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel
This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A, D, B and E parameters are sometimes named "x scale", "y skew", "x skew" and "y scale". A better description of the A, D, B and E parameters is:
Line 1: A: x component of the pixel width (x scale)
Line 2: D: y component of the pixel width (y skew)
Line 3: B: x component of the pixel height (x skew)
Line 4: E: y component of the pixel height (y scale), typically negative
Line 5: C: x coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
Line 6: F: y coordinate of the center of the original image's upper left pixel transformed to the map
All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non zero the pixel width is given by:
and the pixel height by
World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions:
D and B are usually 0, since the image pixels are usually made to align with the UTM grid
C is the UTM easting
F is the UTM northing
Units are always meters per pixel
The above description applies also to a rectangular, non rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in a six parameter affine transformation:
which can be written as this set of equations:
where:
x''' is the calculated UTM easting of the pixel on the mapy' is the calculated UTM northing of the pixel on the mapx is the column number of the pixel in the image counting from lefty is the row number of the pixel in the image counting from topA or x scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionB, D are rotation termsC, F are translation terms: x, y map coordinates of the center of the upper left pixelE is negative of y scale: dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction
The y scale (E) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i. e. those with a positive y'' scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation:
Example:
Original falknermap. jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap. jgw and contains:
32.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
691200.0
4576000.0
The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is:
x = 171 pixels from left
y = 343 pixels from top
This gives:
x1 = 696672 meters Easting
y1 = 4565024 meters Northing
The UTM (grid) zone is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones. In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web based converter.
Жергілікті жер
Әлемдік файлдарды жазу кезінде жергілікті тіл параметрлерін назарға алмаған жөн және ондық бөлгіш ретінде әрқашан "." нүктесін қолдану керек. Сондай-ақ, теріс сандарды көрсету үшін тек " " (минус) таңбасын ғана пайдалану қажет. Бұл суреттердің максималды тасымалдануын қамтамасыз етеді.
When writing world files it is advisable to ignore localization settings and always use "." as the decimal separator. Also, negative numbers should be specified with the " " character exclusively. This ensures maximum portability of the images.