Богумил Грабал: Өмір және шығарма жолы

Czech writer

Bohumil Hrabal (; 28 March 1914 – 3 February 1997) was a Czech writer, often named among the best Czech writers of the 20th century.

Hrabal was born in Židenice (suburb of Brno) on 28 March 1914, in what was then the province of Moravia within Austria Hungary, to an unmarried mother, Marie Božena Kiliánová (1894–1970). According to the organisers of a 2009 Hrabal exhibition in Brno, his biological father was probably Bohumil Blecha (1893–1970), a teacher's son a year older than Marie, who was her friend from the neighbourhood. Marie's parents opposed the idea of their daughter marrying Blecha, as he was about to serve in the Austro Hungarian Army. World War I started four months after Hrabal's birth, and Blecha was sent to the Italian front, before being invalided out of service. Blecha's daughter, Drahomíra Blechová Kalvodová, says her father told her when she was 18 that Hrabal was her half brother. Bohumil and his biological father never met formally, according to Blechová Kalvodová. and Tomáš Kilián (died 1925), a descendant of a French soldier injured at the Battle of Austerlitz, in Brno, while his mother worked in Polná as an assistant book keeper in the town's brewery. She worked there with her future husband, František Hrabal (1889– 1966); one František Hrabal was listed as Bohumil's godfather when he was baptised on 4 February 1914, but František was also the first name of Bohumil's future step grandfather, a soft drinks trader. František Hrabal, Hrabal's stepfather, was a friend of Blecha. and in Gaps, the second volume of his autobiographical trilogy, Hrabal wrote that he declined an invitation to meet his biological father and considered František Hrabal to be his father. Marie and František married in February 1917, shortly before Bohumil's second birthday. Hrabal's half brother, Břetislav Josef Hrabal (1916–1985), was born later that year; Břetislav, known as Slávek, is said to have been an excellent raconteur. Both Marie and František were involved in amateur dramatics, though Marie was more active. Hrabal later recalled having a complex about this, and feeling embarrassed by her being the centre of attention. Hrabal's uncle was Bohuslav Kilián (1892–1942), a lawyer, journalist and publisher of the cultural magazines Salon and Měsíc. The latter had a German version, Der Monat, that was distributed throughout Europe, but not in Nazi Germany. In 1920, Hrabal started primary school in Nymburk. In September 1925, he spent one year at a grammar school in Brno (now Gymnázium třída Kapitána Jaroše, later attended by Milan Kundera). He failed the first year, and later attended a technical secondary school in Nymburk. There too he struggled to concentrate on his studies, despite extra tutoring from his uncle. as Czech universities were shut down in 1939 and remained so until the end of Nazi occupation. During the war, he worked as a railway labourer and dispatcher in Kostomlaty, near Nymburk, an experience reflected in one of his best known works, Closely Observed Trains He worked variously as an insurance agent (1946–47), a travelling salesman (1947–49) and a manual labourer alongside the graphic artist Vladimír Boudník in the Kladno steelworks (1949–52, and again briefly, 1953), an experience that inspired the "total realism" of texts such as Jarmilka that he was writing at the time. After a serious injury, he worked in a recycling mill in the Prague district of Libeň as a paper packer (1954–59), before working as a stagehand (1959–62) at the S. K. Neumann Theatre in Prague (today Divadlo pod Palmovkou). Hrabal lived in the city from the late 1940s onward, for much of it (1950–73) at 24 Na Hrázi ul. in Prague Libeň; the house was demolished in 1988. Another member of the group was the novelist Josef Škvorecký. Hrabal produced stories for the group, but did not seek publication. Two stories by Hrabal (Hovory lidí) appeared in 1956 as a supplement in the annual Report of the Association of Czech Bibliophiles , which had a print run of 250. Hrabal's first book was withdrawn a week before publication, in 1959. It was eventually published in 1963, as Pearls of the Deep In the same year, he became a professional writer. Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age followed in 1964 and Closely Observed Trains in 1965.

After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, Hrabal was banned from publishing. In 1970, two of his books – Domácí úkoly and Poupata – were banned, after they had been printed and bound but before they were distributed. In the following years, he published several of his best known works in samizdat editions (including The Little Town Where Time Stood Still and I Served the King of England
In 1975, Hrabal gave an interview to the publication Tvorba in which he made self critical comments, which enabled some of his work to appear in print, albeit typically in heavily edited form. Hrabal's interlocutors were anonymous in the journal, but it was later discovered that the published interview was at least a third version of the text, However, his defenders point out that an edited version of a key text, Handbook for the Apprentice Palaverer , was published alongside the interview, which ended the ban on publication and permitted his work once again to reach the broader Czechoslovak public. Ludvík Vaculík, who had published his work in samizdat and would later continue to do so, defended him, saying that the interview demonstrated that Hrabal was a writer of such standing that he could not be suppressed and the regime had had to acknowledge him. who angrily dismissed the reports as a way of censoring Hrabal even in death. First Roth He was buried in his family's crypt in a cemetery in Hradištko near Kersko. According to his wishes, he was buried in an oak coffin marked with the inscription "Pivovar Polná" (Polná Brewery), the brewery where his mother and stepfather had met.

Hrabal wrote in an expressive, highly visual style. He affected the use of long sentences; his works Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age (1964) and Vita Nuova (1987) consist entirely of one single sentence. Political quandaries and the accompanying moral ambiguities are recurrent themes in his works. Many of Hrabal's characters are portrayed as "wise fools" — simpletons with occasional inadvertently profound thoughts — who are also given to coarse humour, lewdness, and a determination to survive and enjoy life despite harsh circumstances they found themselves in. Much of the impact of Hrabal's writing derives from his juxtaposition of the beauty and cruelty found in everyday life. Vivid depictions of pain human beings casually inflict on animals (as in the scene where families of mice are caught in a paper compactor) symbolise the pervasiveness of cruelty among human beings. His characterisations also can be comic, giving his prose a baroque or mediaeval tinge. He is known for his "comic, slightly surreal tales about poor workers, eccentrics, failures, and nonconformists"; his early stories are about "social misfits and happily disreputable people". Alongside fellow satirists Jaroslav Hašek, Karel Čapek and Milan Kundera, Hrabal is often described as one of the greatest Czech writers of the 20th century. Author Ewa Mazierska compared his works to Ladislav Grosman's, in that his literary works typically contained a mixture of comedy and tragedy. His works have been translated into 27 languages.

The complete works edition of Hrabal spisy was published in the 1990s in 19 volumes by Pražská imaginace. Year Title Title in English Publisher Notes ISBN 1948 Ztracená ulička A Lost Alley Hrádek 1963 Perlička na dně Pearls of the Deep Československý spisovatel 1964 Pábitelé Palaverers Mladá Fronta Taneční hodiny pro starší a pokročilé Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age Československý spisovatel 1965 Ostře sledované vlaky Closely Watched Trains Inzerát na dům, ve kterém už nechci bydlet An Advertisement for the House I Don't Want to Live in Anymore Mladá Fronta 1966 Automat svět The World Cafeteria/The Death of Mr Baltisberger 1967 Toto město je ve společné péči obyvatel This Town is Jointly Administered by its Inhabitants Československý spisovatel 1968 Morytáty a legendy Murder Ballads and Other Legends 1970 Domácí úkoly, Úvahy a rozhovory Homework: Contemplations and Interviews Mladá Fronta Poupata Buds Confiscated and burnt by the Communist regime 1973 Obsluhoval jsem anglického krále I Served the King of England Petlice Samizdat; Petlice was a secret, anti Communist publishing house 1974 Něžný barbar The Gentle Barbarian Exile edition: 1981 Postřižiny Cutting It Short Městečko, kde se zastavil čas The Little Town Where Time Stood Still Exile Edition: 1978 1977 Příliš hlučná samota Too Loud a Solitude Česká expedice Exile edition: 1980; Česká expedice was a secret, anti Communist publishing house 1978 Slavnosti sněženek Snowdrop Festival Československý spisovatel 1979 Krasosmutnění Joyful Blues/Beautiful Sadness 1981 Harlekýnovy milióny Harlequin's Millions Kluby poezie Poetry Clubs Mladá Fronta 1982 Domácí úkoly z pilnosti Československý spisovatel 1986 Život bez smokingu Life Without a Tuxedo Svatby v domě In House Weddings Pražská imaginace Exile edition: 1987; Pražská imaginace was a secret, anti Communist publishing house Vita nuova Exile edition: 1987 Proluky Vacant Lot/Gaps Petlice Exile edition: 1986 Kličky na kapesníku – Kdo jsem Knots on a Handkerchief – Who I Am: Interviews Pražská imaginace 1989 Chcete vidět Zlatou Prahu? : výbor z povídek Mladá fronta Jaromír Pelc (ed.) 1990 Totální strachy Total Fears: Letters to Dubenka Listopadový uragán November Hurricane Tvorba Bambino di Praga; Barvotisky; Krásná Poldi Československý spisovatel 1991 Ponorné říčky Underground Rivers Pražská imaginace Růžový kavalír Pink Cavalier Atomová mašina značky Perkeo Československý spisovatel Básnění Pražská imaginace 1992 Aurora na mělčině Aurora on the Sandbank 1993 Večerníčky pro Cassia Cassius's Evening Fairytales 1997 Bibliografie dodatky rejstříky 1998 Já si vzpomínám jen a jen na slunečné dny Triton 1999 Buďte tak hodná, vytáhněte rolety: výbor z milostné korespondence 2014 Skřivánek na niti Hrabal spisy collection #2; short stories (Perlička na dně, Pábitelé, Inzerát na dům, ve kterém už nechci bydlet, Morytáty a legendy) 2015 Jsme jako olivy Hrabal spisy collection #3; short stories (Taneční hodiny pro starší a pokročilé, Ostře sledované vlaky, Postřižiny, Městečko, kde se zastavil čas, Něžný barbar, Obsluhoval jsem anglického krále, Příliš hlučná samota) 2016 Rukověť pábitelského učně Hrabal spisy collection #4; short stories (Slavnosti sněženek, Krasosmutnění, Harlekýnovy miliony, Autíčko) Život bez rukávů Hrabal spisy collection #4; autobiographical trilogy 2017 Křehký dluh Hrabal spisy collection #1; poetry

Year Title Translator Publisher Notes ISBN1968 A Close Watch on the Trains or Closely Observed Trains or Closely Watched TrainsEdith PargeterJonathan Cape Foreword by Josef Škvorecký 1975 The Death of Mr Baltisberger Michael Henry Heim Doubleday 1992 Cutting It Short James Naughton Time Warner Books UK 1993 The Little Town Where Time Stood Still Pantheon Books 1989 I Served the King of England Paul Wilson Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1990 Too Loud a Solitude Michael Henry Heim 1995 Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age Michael Henry HeimHarcourt Brace 1998 Total Fears: Letters to Dubenka James Naughton Twisted Spoon Press 2007 In House Weddings (Writings From An Unbound Europe) Tony Liman Northwestern University Press 2008 Pirouettes on a Postage Stamp David Short Karolinum Press 2010 Vita Nuova: A Novel Tony Liman Northwestern University Press 2011 Gaps: A Novel (Writings From An Unbound Europe) 2012 Harlequin's Millions Stacey Knecht Archipelago Books 2014 Rambling On: An Apprentice's Guide to the Gift of the Gab David Short Karolinum Press 2015 Mr. Kafka: And Other Tales from the Time of the Cult Paul Wilson New Directions Publishing 2019 All My Cats 2020 Why I Write? : The Early Prose from 1945 to 1952 David Short Karolinum Press 2021 The Gentle Barbarian Paul Wilson New Directions