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Parliamentary constituency representing a university

A university constituency is a constituency, used in elections to a legislature, that represents the members of one or more universities rather than residents of a geographical area. These may or may not involve plural voting, in which voters are eligible to vote in or as part of this entity and their home area's geographical constituency. When James VI inherited the English throne in 1603, the system was adopted by the Parliament of England. The system was continued in the Parliament of Great Britain (from 1707 to 1800) and the United Kingdom Parliament, until 1950. It was also used in the Parliament of Ireland, in the Kingdom of Ireland, from 1613 to 1800, and in the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1936. Such constituencies have also existed in Japan and in some countries of the British Empire such as India. At present there are four instances in two countries of university constituencies: two in the Seanad Éireann (the upper—and in general less powerful—house of the legislature of the Republic of Ireland) and two in the Senate of Rwanda.

University Parliament Years No. ofrepresentatives Cambridge England, Great Britain, United Kingdom 1603–1950 2 Oxford England, Great Britain, United Kingdom 1603–1950 2 Dublin Ireland 1613–1800 2 Dublin United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801–1922 1 (1801–1832)2 (1832–1922) Edinburgh and St Andrews United Kingdom 1868–1918 1 between Glasgow and Aberdeen United Kingdom 1868–1918 1 between London United Kingdom 1868–1950 1 Combined English Universities United Kingdom 1918–1950 2 between Combined Scottish Universities United Kingdom 1918–1950 3 between National University of Ireland United Kingdom 1918–1922 1 Queen's University of Belfast United Kingdom 1918–1950 1 University of Wales United Kingdom 1918–1950 1 Dublin University Southern Ireland (UK) 1921–1922 4 National University of Ireland Southern Ireland (UK) 1921–1922 4 Queen's University of Belfast Northern Ireland (UK) 1921–1969 4 Queen's University of Belfast Irish Republic (revolutionary) 1918–1922 1 (1918–1921)4 (1921–1922) Dublin University Irish Republic 1918–1922 2 (1918–1921)4 (1921–1922) National University of Ireland Irish Republic 1918–1922 1 (1918–1921)4 (1921–1922) Dublin University Irish Free State 1922–1937 3 National University of Ireland Irish Free State 1922–1937 3 Dublin University Republic of Ireland (Seanad Éireann) 1938–present 3 National University of Ireland Republic of Ireland (Seanad Éireann) 1938–present 3
As shown, at Westminster (in the English then successor British parliaments) 4 seats were incepted in 1603 and the final total, 12, were abolished in 1950. The Northern Irish body was the last in the UK to abolish such seats: it abolished its four for Queens, Belfast in 1969. Six such seats continue in Seanad Éireann, the upper chamber of the Oireachtas (legislature of the Republic of Ireland). They are the sole directly elected members of the Seanad, with the remainder of the seats being elected by a combination of members of Oireachtas, incoming TDs and outgoing Senators, and local councillors, along with 11 members appointed by the Taoiseach.

A cell marked → has a different colour background to the preceding cell and denotes an incumbent who defected or won a re election for another party.

Some of these seats were filled through STV. Constituency (UK)1918191922192324192426271929193134351935363738404345194546Cambridge UniversityRawlinsonWithersHillHarrisLarmorJ. ButlerG. ButlerWilsonPickthornCombined English UniversitiesFisher→HopkinsonRathboneStraussConwayCraddockHarveyLindsayOxford UniversityCecilSalterProtheroOmanHerbertLondon UniversityMagnusRussell WellsGraham Little→University of WalesJ. LewisT. LewisDavies→EvansGruffyddCombined Scottish UniversitiesCheyneBerrySkeltonMacDonaldAndersonCowan→Morrison→Boyd OrrElliotCraikBuchanKerrQueen's University of BelfastWhitlaSinclairSavoryDublin UniversityWoodsSee Ireland section belowSamuelsJellettSee Ireland section belowNational University of IrelandMacNeillSee Ireland section below

A cell marked → has a different colour background to the preceding cell and denotes an incumbent who defected or won a re election for another party.

Constituency1938194319444719481951525319541957601961196519697019731977791981198219831987198919931997200220070920112016182020Dublin UniversityAltonKingsmill MooreBiggerBuddJessopSheehy SkeffingtonJ. RossSheehy SkeffingtonWestS. RossBarrettRuaneRowletteJohnstonStanfordRobinson→HedermanHenryBacik→JohnstonFearonJessopBrowneC. C. O'BrienMcGuinnessWestMcGuinnessNorrisNational University of IrelandBarnivilleÓ ConalláinHorganHussey→DoogeO'TooleCrownMcDowellTierneyM. J. RyanG. O'BrienAltonMartinL. RyanB. RyanLeeB. Ryan→Mullen→ConcannonCunninghamMcHughQuinlanMurphyM. D. HigginsMurphyQuinnA. M. Higgins

King James VI of Scotland, on ascending the English throne, brought to the English Parliament a practice which endured in the Scottish Parliament of allowing the universities to elect members. The king believed that the universities were often affected by the decisions of Parliament, and ought therefore to have representation in it. James gave the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford two seats each from 1603. On the formal Union (1707), Scottish universities lost their representatives as none were appointed to the Parliament of Great Britain (at Westminster). The voters were the graduates of the university, whether they were resident or not; they could vote for the university seats in addition to any other vote that they might have. After the Act of Union 1800 with Ireland, the University of Dublin (Trinity College), which had elected two MPs to the Parliament of Ireland since 1613, was allowed one member from 1801 and two from 1832. In 1868, three new one member seats were created: University of London; Glasgow and Aberdeen universities combined; and St Andrews and Edinburgh universities combined. In 1918, the Queen's University of Belfast and the National University of Ireland each received seats. Both these, as well as the University of Dublin, also received four seats in the devolved Stormont parliament and the Southern Ireland parliament respectively that were established in 1920 and first used in elections in 1921. Also in 1918, the Scottish universities switched to all electing three members jointly (see Combined Scottish Universities). In 1918, all the other English universities (i. e. except for Cambridge, Oxford and London) were enfranchised as a single constituency with two seats, as Combined English Universities. They were Birmingham, Bristol, Durham, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, and Sheffield. Reading was added in August 1928. The University of Wales also received one seat in 1918. 1918 also saw the introduction of the Single Transferable Vote for university constituencies.

The Labour government in 1930 attempted to abolish the university constituencies but was defeated in the House of Commons. Although the members for the university constituencies were usually Conservatives, in the later years independent candidates began to win many of the seats. The Labour government finally abolished the university constituencies via the Representation of the People Act 1948, with effect from the dissolution of Parliament in 1950, along with all other examples of plural voting. The Queen's University, Belfast constituency survived in the Parliament of Northern Ireland until it was abolished in 1968 (with effect from the dissolution of Parliament in 1969) by the Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1968 (c. 20 (N. I.)). This was one of several measures by the then Northern Ireland Prime Minister Terence O'Neill to reform elements of the election franchise and deal with many long standing civil rights grievances.