Псилоцин: Химиялық құрамы, қасиеттері және әсері

Chemical compound

Psilocin (also known as 4 HO DMT, 4 hydroxy DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin. Psilocin is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Acting on the 5 HT2A receptors, psilocin modulates the production and reuptake of serotonin. The mind altering effects of psilocin are highly variable and subjective and resemble those of LSD and DMT.

Psilocin and its phosphorylated cousin, psilocybin, were first isolated and named in 1958 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann. Hofmann obtained the chemicals from laboratory grown specimens of the entheogenic mushroom Psilocybe mexicana. Hofmann also succeeded in finding synthetic routes to these chemicals. Psilocin can be obtained by dephosphorylation of natural psilocybin under strongly acidic or under alkaline conditions (hydrolysis). A synthetic route uses the Speeter–Anthony tryptamine synthesis procedure. First, 4 hydroxyindole is Friedel Crafts acylated with oxalyl chloride in position 3. The compound is further reacted with dimethylamine, yielding the indole 3 yl glyoxamide. Finally, this 4 hydroxyindole 3 N,N dimethylglyoxamide is reduced by lithium aluminum hydride yielding psilocin. Psilocin is relatively unstable in solution due to its phenolic hydroxy ( OH) group. In the presence of oxygen, it readily forms bluish and dark black degradation products. Similar products are also formed in the presence of oxygen and Fe3+ ions.

Sulfur analogs are known with a benzothienyl replacement as well as 4 SH DMT. 1 Methylpsilocin is a functionally 5 HT2C receptor preferring agonist. 4 Fluoro N,N dimethyltryptamine is known. differing only by the hydroxyl group being on the 4 position rather than the 5 and the dimethyl groups on the nitrogen. Its effects are thought to come from its agonist activity at 5 HT2A serotonin receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Psilocin has no significant effect on dopamine receptors (unlike LSD) and only affects the noradrenergic system at very high dosages. Psilocin's half life ranges from 1 to 3 hours. There has been no reported withdrawal syndrome when chronic use of this drug is ceased. There is cross tolerance among psilocin, mescaline, LSD, and other 5 HT2A, 5 HT2C, and 5 HT1A agonists due to down regulation of these receptors.

The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (adopted in 1971) requires its members to prohibit psilocybin, and parties to the treaty are required to restrict the use of the drug to medical and scientific research under strictly controlled conditions.

Psilocin is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.