Кеңес Одағының "ТКС" ғарыш кемесі және оның тарихы

Soviet spacecraft conceived in the late 1960s

The TKS spacecraft ( Транспортный корабль снабжения, Transportnyi Korabl’ Snabzheniia, Transport Supply Spacecraft, GRAU index 11F72) was a Soviet spacecraft conceived in the late 1960s for resupply flights to the military Almaz space station. The spacecraft was designed for both crewed and autonomous uncrewed cargo resupply flights, but was never used operationally in its intended role – only four test missions were flown (including three that docked to Salyut space stations) during the program. The Functional Cargo Block (FGB) of the TKS spacecraft later formed the basis of several space station modules, including the Zarya FGB module on the International Space Station. The TKS spacecraft consisted of two spacecraft mated together, both of which could operate independently:
The VA spacecraft (known mistakenly in the West as the Merkur spacecraft), which would have housed the cosmonauts during launch and reentry of a TKS spacecraft, while traveling to and from an Almaz space station. And the Functional Cargo Block (FGB) which, in order to resupply an Almaz space station, carried docking hardware, tanks, and a large pressurized cargo compartment. Furthermore, the FGB carried the on orbit maneuvering engines for the TKS. While the VA carried the reentry hardware, and only minimal life support and maneuvering systems, the FGB would have been used as the primary orbital maneuvering system and cargo storage for the TKS spacecraft. The FGB could also be used alone as an uncrewed cargo module without a VA spacecraft, which enabled the FGB design to be re purposed as FGB space station modules later on. The VA spacecraft, on the other hand, was also intended to be launched as "Almaz APOS", mated with an Almaz OPS space station core as the primary orbital maneuvering system, instead of an FGB. In the 2010s, Excalibur Almaz planned to use old VA capsules as low cost cargo return vehicles. However, the company ultimately sold much of their equipment and announced that the remainder was to become an educational exhibit.

The TKS spacecraft was designed by Vladimir Chelomei (the VA capsule) and V. N. Bugayskiy (the FGB block) as a crewed spacecraft launched with Proton rocket alternative to the Soyuz spacecraft for use with Almaz space stations. Development began in 1965; the Almaz programme had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977. The VA spacecraft ("Vozvrashaemiy Apparat") was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one "all up" test mission and three resupply missions. The project had further evolved with space station "Modulny" ("Modular") based on the TKS design outline, reworked to dock with Salyut 7, Mir and ISS space stations. This development was designated FGB, or Functional Cargo Block. The TKS spacecraft consisted of an 11F74 "Vozvraschaemyi Apparat" (or Return Vehicle commonly referred to as the VA), attached to an 11F77 "Transportniy Korabl Snabzheniya" (Functional/Cargo Block module or FGB).

The TKS VA spacecraft was itself a very compact and efficient spacecraft. Typically it would reenter the atmosphere within 2 orbits, but could fly autonomously for up to 31 hours. The pressurized crew re entry capsule was equipped with its own environmental control system, and topped with reaction control system, de orbit braking engine, parachute system, and soft landing engines. Although extensively flight tested, it never flew with a crew on board. The VA design was derived from the planned capsule for the Chelomei's LK 1 crewed circumlunar spacecraft of the 1960s. It was also the basis for Chelomei's LK 700 Lunar Lander crew capsule. The VA looked somewhat similar to the Apollo capsule, but was 30% smaller than its NASA counterpart.

The FGB was entered from the VA spacecraft via a short tunnel. At the aft end a pilot station was equipped with controls and windows for manual docking with the Almaz space station. The docking port was also located here. Operational TKS spacecraft would have delivered KSI film return capsules to Almaz stations. These would have been stored around the docking port for transfer to the film capsule airlock for loading.

+ Specifications Crew size: 3 Design life: 7 days Orbital storage: 200 days Typical orbit: 223 km × 266 km at 52° inclination Length: 13.2 m (43.31 ft) Maximal diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft) Span: 17.00 m (55.00 ft) Habitable volume: 45.00 m3 Mass: 17,510 kg (38,600 lb) Payload: 12,600 kg (27,700 lb) Main engine thrust: 7.840 kN (1,763 lbf) Main engine propellants: N2O4/UDMH 3,822 kg (8,426 lb) Main engine Isp: 291 s Spacecraft Δv: 700 m/s (2,290 ft/s) Electrical system: Solar panels (17 m span, 40 m2) Electric system: 2.40 kW average Associated launch vehicle: Proton 8K82K

Four flights with eight VA spacecraft without an FGB module were conducted to speed up the development of the TKS spacecraft: The VA capsule returned to Earth 16 August 1977. The remainder of the spacecraft – the FGB – deorbited on 2 February 1978.

On 25 April 1981, TKS 2 was launched uncrewed as Kosmos 1267, the first FGB to dock with a space station.]] TKS 4 was launched uncrewed as Kosmos 1686 on 27 September 1985. The landing systems, ECS, seats, and crewed controls were removed from the VA spacecraft, and instead other payload was installed: a high resolution photo apparatus, an infrared telescope and the Ozon spectrometer. The TKS successfully docked with Salyut 7. The "military" long duration crew Salyut 7 EO 4, consisting of Viktor Savinykh, Alexander Volkov and the commander Vladimir Vasyutin, had crewed Salyut 7 that month to conduct experiments with TKS 4. Commander Vasyutin fell ill soon after arriving at the station. Originally scheduled to have a six month stay aboard Salyut 7, Vasyutin's illness forced the crew to make an emergency return to Earth on 21 November 1985, preventing the crew from finishing the TKS experiments. The crew of Soyuz T 15 returned to Salyut 7 in May 1986, to conclude some of the experiments and ferry equipment to the then new Mir space station. Salyut 7 was moved to a higher orbit after that mission, while awaiting another "TKS" crew – there were even plans to return using the Buran shuttle. Such flights never materialized before Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 deorbited on 7 February 1991, burning up together over Argentina.

TKS based and descendant spacecraft and modules.