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Nazism timeline

The early timeline of Nazism begins with its origins and continues until Hitler's rise to power.

1841: German economist Friedrich List publishes Das Nationale System der Politischen Ökonomie (National System of Political Economy), espousing settlement farming and agricultural expansion eastwards along with economic industrialization manipulated by the state, and the establishment of a German dominated European economic sphere as part of the solution to Germany's economic woes (predecessor ideas to Nazi imperialism). 1856: French aristocrat and author Arthur de Gobineau publishes his An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races in which he divides the human species into three races, black, white, and yellow; arguing therein that racial distinctions form a clear and natural genetic barrier of sorts. Gobineau wrote that racial mixing would lead to chaos. While not an anti Semite, his work is often characterized as philosemitic (since he wrote positively about the Jews), but it is still considered an early manifestation of scientific racism. Historian Joachim C. Fest, in his biography of Hitler, claims that Arthur de Gobineau's negative views on race mixing influenced Hitler and thereby, the ideology of Nazism. 1870s: Otto von Bismarck promotes campaigns against Catholics (Kulturkampf) and, later, against the Social Democratic Party, in an attempt to unify Germans in common opposition to a minority. Later referred to as "negative integration," historians cite it as setting a tone of exclusion in early Germany, which had a lasting influence on later German nationalism. 1882: The Linz Program, one of the most notable expressions of early German nationalism in Austria, is published. The program advocates a break with the Habsburg monarchy, the full Germanization of Austria and its annexation to Germany as a single nation. Ironically, several of its authors were Jews. 1888: German jurist and international law reformer, Franz von Liszt argues that criminal characteristics are innate as opposed to being determined by a person's social environment and coins the term, Kriminalbiologie (Criminal Biology), a theory that would later influence Nazi anthropologists and racial hygiene proponents in their justification for sterilization and euthanasia.

Eugenicist Madison Grant publishes The Passing of the Great Race, which promotes the genetic supremacy of the Nordic race while warning of its racial decline, a treatise quickly embraced by members of the German racial hygiene movement.

September: Pan Germanic Deutsche Vaterlandspartei (German Fatherland Party) emerges under the leadership of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and Wolfgang Kapp, the party's co founders. The infamous “stab in the back myth” used by right wing organizations as a political platform allegedly originated with this party.

March: Anton Drexler founded a branch of Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden (Free Workers' Committee for a good Peace) league in Munich. 17 July: Adolf Hitler saves the life of the 9th Company Commander. 4 August: Adolf Hitler awarded the Iron Cross, 1st Class. 13 October: Adolf Hitler gassed near Ypres. 3 November: Kiel mutiny triggered the German revolution. 7 November: 100,000 workers march on the Royal House of Wittelsbach. Kaiser Wilhelm II flees. 8 November: All 22 of Germany's lesser kings, princes, grand dukes, and ruling dukes have been deposed. Kaiser Wilhelm told to abdicate. 9 November: Emil Eichhorn, radical leftist of the Independent Socialists, leads an armed mob and seizes the HQ of Berlin; Kaiser Wilhelm consents to abdicate; Social Democrats demand government from Prince Max; Friedrich Ebert assumes the chancellery; First German Republic established. 11 November: World War I ends. 19 November: Hitler discharged from hospital at Pasewalk. 25 December: German first World War ex servicemens' organization, Der Stahlhelm founded by former German Army reserve officer and industrialist Franz Seldte in Magdeburg. Mid December: First modern Freikorps unit formed, the Maercker Volunteer Rifles (Freiwilliges Landesjägerkorps).

12 August 1919: The Weimar Constitution is announced. 12 September 1919: Adolf Hitler attends a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP) in the Sterneckerbräu in Munich and joins the party as its 55th member. In less than a week, Hitler received a postcard stating he had officially been accepted as a party member. 16 October 1919: Hitler's first pre arranged public speech as a member of the DAP takes place in the Hofbräukeller. Late fall: Freikorps fight the Red Army in the Baltic, eventually retreat in chaos; first Silesian uprising, in which many Freikorps see combat.

Third Silesian uprising; German forces see more combat. Hermann Erhardt forms Organisation Consul, a paramilitary group, out of former members of his banned Freikorps. Eugen Fischer, Erwin Baur, and Fritz Lenz publish the standard work of German racialism, Menschliche Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene (Human Hereditary Teaching and Racial Hygiene), a work which served as a basis for the Nazi racial hygiene policies and their euthanasia campaign. February 1921: highly effective at speaking to large audiencesHitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000 in Munich. 28 July: Adolf Hitler is elected Vorsitzender (chairman) of the NSDAP with only one dissenting vote. Executive Committee of the party is dissolved. Party Founder Anton Drexler is made "Honorary Chairman" and resigns from the party soon after. Hitler soon begins to refer to himself as "Der Führer" (The Leader). August 1921: NSDAP party membership was recorded at 3,300.

26 February: Hitler Putsch trial begins. 1 April: Hitler sentenced to five years at Landsberg prison. From here, Hitler writes Mein Kampf with the assistance of Rudolf Hess. 24 October: France recognizes the Communist state known as the Soviet Union, alarming German conservatives in the process. 20 December: Hitler released from the Landsberg Prison.

21 January: Japan recognizes the U. S. S. R.
16 February 1925: Bavaria lifts ban on NSDAP. 27 February 1925: The NSDAP is refounded. 9 Mar 1925: Bavaria bans Hitler from public speaking. 7 July: French troops withdraw from the German Rhineland. 14 July: Allied evacuation of the Ruhr valley begins. 18 July 1925: Vol. 1 of Hitler's Mein Kampf released. July–August: Germans are forced to leave Poland and Poles are expedited out of Germany in disputed territories. 11 November: Schutzstaffel (SS) created as a sort of praetorian guard for Hitler. 27 November: Locarno Treaties ratified by Reichstag.

September: Hitler at trial of 3 SA Lieutenants disavows the SA goals of replacing the army and hence appeases the army. 14 September: In a milestone election, Nazis gain 6 million votes in national polling to emerge as the second largest party in Germany.

13 March: Hitler convincingly defeated by Hindenburg in first round of German presidential election. 10 April: Hindenburg re elected Reichspräsident in run off election with 53% of the vote. Hitler gains 37% and the Communist candidate Thälmann gains 10.2%. 13 April: The SA and SS are banned by Chancellor Brüning. 30 May: Chancellor Brüning (Center) leaves office and is replaced by Franz von Papen. 1 June: Papen cabinet formed. 16 June: Papen lifts the ban on the SA and SS. 16 June9 July: Lausanne Conference takes place. 17 July: Altona Bloody Sunday. Violent clashes between the police, the SA and Communist Party supporters. 20 July: "Preußenschlag": Papen uses emergency decree to dissolve Prussian government of Otto Braun and takes over as Reichskommissar. 31 July: Reichstag election: Nazi Party becomes the largest with 13.7 million votes (37.3%) and 230 out of 608 seats. 9 August: Konrad Piecuch, a Polish communist activist who took part in Silesian Uprisings against German rule is murdered in Germany by SA; Hitler defends the murderers in German press. 6 November: Reichstag election: Nazi Party loses ground with 11.7 million votes (33.1%) and 196 out of 584 seats. 17 November: Papen resigns but stays on as head of a caretaker cabinet. 2 December: Reichswehr General Kurt von Schleicher becomes Chancellor. 8 December: Following a major dispute with Hitler over whether to join government, Gregor Strasser resigns his Party offices.

30 January: "Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich" formally abolishes the Landtage of the German states and transfers states' sovereignty to the Reich. Formally ends federalism in Germany. 14 February: "Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat" formally abolishes the Reichsrat, the upper house of the German parliament. 11 April: Pact of the Deutschland: Hitler persuades the top officials of the army and navy to back his bid to succeed Hindenburg as president, by promising to "diminish" the three million man plus SA and greatly expand the regular army and navy. 20 April: The Gestapo is transferred from Göring to Himmler and Heydrich, who begin to integrate it into the SS. 16 May: German officer corps endorses Hitler to succeed the ailing President Hindenburg. 17 June: Reich Minister of Justice Franz Gürtner also becomes Prussian Minister of Justice, uniting positions in a dual mandate. 30 June – 2 July: Night of the Long Knives or Blood Purge: On pretext of suppressing an alleged SA putsch, much of the brownshirt leadership, including Ernst Röhm, are arrested and executed. Kurt von Schleicher, Gregor Strasser and other political enemies are murdered. Papen briefly imprisoned; between 150 and 200 were killed. The SS, formerly part of the SA, now comes to the forefront. 13 July: Defending the purge, Hitler declares that to defend Germany he has the right to act unilaterally as "supreme judge" without resort to courts. 2 August: President Hindenburg dies. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted the "Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich". This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of Reich President would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the Chancellor. The decree is illegal but goes unchallenged. The armed forces swear a new oath to Hitler, personally. 19 August: The German people in a plebiscite overwhelmingly (90%) approve merger of the offices of President and Chancellor. Hitler assumes the new title of Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and Reich chancellor). He is now the head of state, the head of government and the commander in chief of the armed forces. 1 November: The Prussian and Reich Interior Ministries are combined under Wilhelm Frick. 4 December: State ministries of justice are eliminated and all judicial functionaries report to Reich Ministry of Justice under Franz Gürtner.