АҚШ Президентінің ұлттық қауіпсіздік директиваларының тарихы мен түрлері

Instruction the President of the United States sends to defense and intelligence advisers

National security directives are presidential directives issued for the National Security Council (NSC). Starting with Harry Truman, every president since the founding of the National Security Council in 1947 has issued national security directives in one form or another, which have involved foreign, military and domestic policies. National security directives are generally highly classified and are available to the public only after "a great many years" have elapsed. Unlike executive orders, national security directives are usually directed only to the National Security Council and the most senior executive branch officials, and embody foreign and military policy making guidance rather than specific instructions.

Presidents have issued such directives under various names. InitialsFull TitleTime FramePresidential Administration(s) NSCID National Security Council Intelligence Directive 1947–1977 Truman–Ford NSAM National Security Action Memorandum 1961–1969 Kennedy and Johnson NSSM National Security Study Memorandum 1969–1977 Nixon and Ford NSDM National Security Decision Memorandum 1969–1977 Nixon and Ford PRM Presidential Review Memorandum 1977–1981 Carter PD Presidential Directive 1977–1981 Carter NSSD National Security Study Directive 1981–1989 Reagan NSDD National Security Decision Directive 1981–1989 Reagan NSR National Security Review 1989–1993 G. H. W. Bush NSD National Security Directive 1989–1993 G. H. W. Bush PRD Presidential Review Directive 1993–2001 Clinton PDD Presidential Decision Directive 1993–2001 Clinton NSPD National Security Presidential Directive 2001–2009 G. W. Bush PSD Presidential Study Directive 2009–2017 Obama PPD Presidential Policy Directive 2009–2017 Obama NSPM National Security Presidential Memorandum 2017–2021 Trump NSSM National Security Study Memorandum 2021–present Biden NSM National Security Memorandum 2021–present Biden

National security directives were quite different in the early period of the Cold War. A 1988 General Accounting Office (GAO) investigation into national security directives left out the directives from the Truman and Eisenhower years because "they were not structured in a way to allow categorization." The study nevertheless made note of two types of directives. The first was "policy papers" which could contain policy recommendations, in which case the president might decide to approve the policy by writing his signature. A famous example of such a policy paper is NSC 68. GAO also noted another type of directive called "NSC Actions", which were "numbered records of decisions that were reached at NSC meetings.

The Kennedy administration which took office in 1961 reorganized the NSC and began issuing National Security Action Memoranda (NSAMs). Many NSAMs were signed in Kennedy's name by National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy, although Kennedy sometimes signed them personally. Lyndon B. Johnson continued issuing NSAMs where Kennedy left off, although issuing only 99 directives as compared to Kennedy's 273.

A 1986 National Security Decision Directive gave the State Department authority and responsibility to coordinate responses to international terrorism across government agencies including the CIA, DoD, and FBI. This was intended to reduce interagency conflicts which were observed in the response to the hijacking of the Achille Lauro cruise ship. The State Department's Bureau of Counterterrorism continues this coordinating function.

After September 11, 2001, George W. Bush issued Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPDs), with the consent of the Homeland Security Council. These directives were sometimes issued concurrently as national security directives.