Яғноби тілі: Тарихы, диалектілері және қолданылуы

East Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan

Yaghnobi is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people. It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian and has sometimes been called Neo Sogdian in academic literature. There are some 12,500 Yaghnobi speakers, divided into several communities. The principal group lives in the Zafarobod area. There are also resettlers in the Yaghnob Valley. Some communities live in the villages of Zumand and Kůkteppa and in Dushanbe or its vicinity. Most Yaghnobi speakers are bilingual in Tajik. Yaghnobi is mostly used for daily family communication, and Tajik is used by Yaghnobi speakers for business and formal transactions. A Russian ethnographer was told by nearby Tajiks, long hostile to the Yaghnobis, who were late to adopt Islam, that the Yaghnobis used their language as a "secret" mode of communication to confuse the Tajiks. The account led to the belief by some that Yaghnobi or some derivative of it was used as a secret code. The language is taught in elementary school within the ethnic community, and Tajikistan has also enacted legislation to support education in minority languages, including Yaghnobi. There are two main dialects: a western and an eastern one. They differ primarily in phonetics. For example, historical *θ corresponds to t in the western dialects and s in the eastern: met – mes 'day' from Sogdian mēθ Western ay corresponds to Eastern e: wayš – weš 'grass' from Sogdian wayš or wēš The early Sogdian group θr (later ṣ̌) is reflected as sar in the east but tir in the west: saráy – tiráy 'three' from Sogdian θrē/θray or ṣ̌ē/ṣ̌ay There are also some differences in verbal endings and the lexicon. In between the two main dialects is a transitional dialect that shares some features of both other dialects.

Yaghnobi includes 9 monophthongs (3 short, 6 long), 8 diphthongs, and 27 consonants.

W, E and Tr. refer to the Western, Eastern and Transitional dialects.

Knowledge of Yaghnobi lexicon comes from three main works: from a Yaghnobi Russian dictionary presented in Yaghnobi Texts by Andreyev and Peščereva and then from a supplementary word list presented in Yaghnobi Grammar by Xromov. The last work is Yaghnobi Tajik Dictionary compiled by Xromov's student, Sayfiddīn Mīrzozoda, himself a Yaghnobi native speaker. Yaghnobi Tajik words represent the majority of the lexicon (some 60%), followed by words of Turkic origin (up to 5%, mainly from Uzbek) and a few Russian words (about 2%; through the Russian language, also many international words came to Yaghnobi). Only a third of the lexicon is of Eastern Iranian origin and can be easily comparable to those known from Sogdian, Ossetian, the Pamir languages or Pashto. A Yaghnobi Czech dictionary was published in 2010 by the Charles University Faculty of Arts.

Latin Fálɣar at Yáɣnob asosī́ láfz šint ī x gumū́n, néki áxtit toǰīkī́ pi wó(v)ošt, mox yaɣnobī́ pi. 'Mʏ́štif' wó(v)omišt, áxtit 'Muždív' wó(v)ošt. Cyrillic Фалғарат Яғноб асосӣ лафзшинт ӣх гумун, неки ахтит тоҷикипӣ ԝоошт, мох яғнобипӣ. 'Мӯштиф' ԝоомишт, ахтит 'Муждив' ԝоошт. IPA Translation In Falghar and in Yaghnob, it is certainly one basic language, but they speak Tajik and we speak Yaghnobi. We say 'Müštif', they say 'Muždiv'.

Latin Cyrillic IPA Translation Nasriddī́n ī xūd či bozór uxš tangái axirī́n. Насриддин ӣ хӯд чи бозор ухш тангаи ахирин. Nasreddin bought a tubeteika at the bazaar for six tangas. Kaxík woxúrdš avī́, čáwi apursóšt: Кахик ԝохурдш авӣ, чаԝи апурсошт: Everyone he met asked him: "Xūd čof pūl axirī́nī?" "Худ чоф пул ахиринӣ?" "How much money have you bought the tubeteika for?" Nasriddī́n ī́ipiš ǰawób atifár, dúipiš ǰawób atifár, tiráyipiš ǰawób atifár, aɣór: Насриддин ӣипиш ҷаԝоб атифар, дуипиш ҷаԝоб атифар, тирайипиш ҷаԝоб атифар, ағор: Nasreddin answered to the first of them, he answered to the second of them, he answered to the third of them, than he said, "Hámaipi ǰawób tifaróm, zīq vómišt." "Ҳамаипӣ ҷаԝоб тифаром, зиқ вомишт." "If I answer to everyone, I will go crazy." Ax xūdš či sarš anós, bozórisa adáu̯, fayród akún: Ах хӯдш чи сарш анос, бозориса адаԝ, файрод акун: He took the tubeteika off his head, ran to the bazaar, and cried, "E odámt! "Э одамт! "Hey, people! Daràu̯ daráwi maydónisa šau̯t, īyóka ǰām vʏt! Дараԝ дараԝи майдониса шаԝт, ӣёка ҷаъм вӯйт! Go quickly to the square, gather somewhere over there! Kattóti šumóxpi árkšint ast!" Каттоти шумохпӣ аркшинт аст." The Big Ones have something to deal with you." Odámt hamáš maydóni īyóka ǰām avór, áni šáhri hičúxs nàapiráxs. Одамт ҳамаш майдони ӣёка ҷаъм авор, ани шаҳри ҳичухс наапирахс. Everyone had gathered somewhere at the square, no one else had remained in the city. Nasriddī́n balandī́i sári asán, fayród akún: Насриддин баландии сари асан, файрод акун: Nasreddin came upon a high place, and cried: "E odámt, ɣiríft, nihíš xūd man uxš tangái axirī́nim." "Э одамт, ғирифт, ниҳиш хӯд ман ухш тангаи ахириним." "Hey people, to let you know, I bought this tubeteika for six tangas."