Кіріспе
Ұлы Моравияның билеушісі I Сватоплюк немесе I Сватоплюк, сондай-ақ Ұлы Сватоплюк (Ортағасырлық латын: Zuentepulc(us), Zuentibald, Sventopulch(us), Zvataplug; Ежелгі шіркеу славян: Свѧтопълкъ және транслитерацияланған Svętopъłkъ; Поляк: Świętopełk; Грек: Σφενδοπλόκος, Sfendoplókos) – Ұлы Моравияның билеушісі, оның билігі тұсында (870–871, 871–894) ең үлкен аумақтық кеңеюге жетті. Сватоплюк мансабын 860 жылдары бастады, ол өзінің емісі Растиславқа бағынышты Моравиядағы княздыққа басшылық етті. Тарихшылардың пікірінше, княздықтың орналасқан жері әлі де даулы. 870 жылы Сватоплюк Людовик Неміс патшасының вассалы болған Растиславты тақтан түсіріп, оны франктерге сатты. Бірақ бір жыл өткен соң франктар да Сватоплюкты тұтқындады. Моравиялықтар франктарға қарсы көтерілгеннен кейін Сватоплюк босатылып, көтерілісшілерді басқарып, жаулап алушыларға қарсы жеңіске жеткізді. 874 жылы Форххаймда (Германия) жасалған бейбіт келісімге сәйкес ол Шығыс Франкияға салық төлеуге міндетті болды, бірақ келесі жылдары франктердің ықпалынан тыс жерлерді кеңейте алды. Оның әскерлері 882 жылы Шығыс Франкиядағы Паннония маркасын басып алды. Сватоплюк папалармен жақсы қарым-қатынас орнатты және 880 жылы ол мен оның халқы Киелі Тақтың қорғауына алынды. Сватоплюк қайтыс болғаннан кейін көп ұзамай ұлдары арасындағы билік күресі мен мажарлардың күшейе берген шабуылдарының салдарынан Ұлы Моравия мемлекеті құлады. Сватоплюк империясы қазіргі Чехия (Моравия және Богемия), Словакия, Польша және Венгрия аумақтарының бір бөлігін қамтыды. 18 ғасырдан бері, словак ұлттық ояну кезеңінде, оның кейде словак әдебиетінде "словак патшасы" ретінде бейнеленгені бар.
Svatopluk I or Svätopluk I, also known as Svatopluk the Great (Medieval Latin: Zuentepulc(us), Zuentibald, Sventopulch(us), Zvataplug; Old Church Slavic: Свѧтопълкъ and transliterated Svętopъłkъ; Polish: Świętopełk; Greek: Σφενδοπλόκος, Sfendoplókos), was a ruler of Great Moravia, which attained its maximum territorial expansion during his reign (870–871, 871–894). Svatopluk's career started in the 860s, when he governed a principality within Moravia, the location of which is still a matter of debate among historians, under the suzerainty of his uncle, Rastislav. In 870 Svatopluk dethroned Rastislav, who was a vassal of Louis the German, and betrayed him to the Franks. Within a year, however, the Franks also imprisoned Svatopluk. After the Moravians rebelled against the Franks, Svatopluk was released and led the rebels to victory over the invaders. Although he was obliged to pay tribute to East Francia under the peace treaty concluded at Forchheim (Germany) in 874, he was able to expand his territories outside the Franks' sphere of interest in the following years. His forces even invaded the March of Pannonia within East Francia in 882. Svatopluk established a good relationship with the popes, and he and his people were formally taken under the protection of the Holy See in 880. Not long after his death Svatopluk's realm of Great Moravia collapsed in the midst of a power struggle between his sons and the intensifying Hungarian raids. Svatopluk, whose empire encompassed parts of the territory of modern Czech Republic (Moravia and Bohemia), Slovakia, Poland and Hungary, has occasionally been presented as a "Slovak King" in Slovak literary works since the 18th century, the period of the Slovak national awakening.
Алғашқы жылдар
Фулдалық жылнамаларда Сватоплюк Ұлы Моравияның екінші белгілі билеушісі Растиславтың немересі ретінде айтылады. Сватоплюк шамамен 840 жылы туған болуы мүмкін. Моймир әулетінің шежіресін жасаған Томаш Пешина з Чехорудудың (17 ғасыр) дәлелсіз моравиялық дәстүріне сәйкес, Сватоплюк белгілі бір Богиславтың ұлы болған. Симон Кезаның айтуынша, оның әкесі – Польша князі Морот, ол Брактариді жеңіп, Кришананы басып алғаннан кейін Веспремге қоныстанған. Сватоплюк 860 жылдардың басында Ұлы Моравияда билікке көтерілген секілді. Михаил III Салоники (Грекия) маңында сөйленетін славян тілінің диалектін жақсы білетін Кирилл мен Мефодий есімді екі бауырды таңдады. Олар 863 жылы Моравияға келді де, бірден оқыту және уағыздау жұмысына кірісті. Олардың литургиялық мәтіндерді Ескі Шіркеу Славян тіліне аударған нұсқасын 867 жылы Папа Адриан II бекітті. Сол кезде славян князі Ростислав пен Сватоплюк Моравиядан император Михаилға елшілер жіберіп, былай деді: "Құдайдың кеңшілігімен біз өркендеп келеміз, көптеген христиан дін ұстаздары итальяндықтар, гректер және немістерден бізге келіп, түрлі жолдармен үйретті. Бірақ біз, славяндар, қарапайым халықпыз, бізге шындықты үйретіп, даналықпен түсіндіретін ешкім жоқ. Сондықтан, мейірімді хан, бізге толық шындыққа жетелеуші адамды жіберіңіз." | Мефодийдің өмірі
Билік етуінің басталуы
869 жылы франк дереккөздерінде (Фульда жылнамасында) алғаш рет айтылған кезде, Сватоплюк Ұлы Моравиядағы өзінің "ұлыстығының" (regnum, автономды немесе жартылай автономды жерді білдіреді) билеушісі болды. Оның сарайы "Растиславтың ежелгі қаласында" (urbs antique Rastizi) орналасқан еді.
Сватоплюктің "ұлыстығына" 869 жылы Бавария әскерлері, Луидің германиялық ұлы Карломан бастап келді, шабуыл жасап, тонады. Осы уақытта франк және аламандық әскерлер сол корольдің кіші ұлы Карл І-нің басшылығымен Растиславтың жерлеріне шабуыл жасады. Бірақ Сватоплюк туысының жоспарларын біліп, Растиславты тұтқынға алып, Карломанға тапсырды. Растиславты тұтқынға алғаны үшін Карломан Сватоплюкке княздығын сақтап қалуға рұқсат берді, бірақ Ұлы Моравияның қалған бөлігі екі франк феодалы, Вильгельм мен Энгильшальк бақылауына берілді. Карломанның әскерлері сондай-ақ Мефодийді тұтқынға алды, оны Папа Адриан II бұрын Сирмиум архиепискобы етіп тағайындаған еді, және ол Растислав пен Сватоплюк билеген жерлерге қатысты құқықтарға ие болды. 871 жылдың басында Карломан Сватоплюкті де адалдықсыздық айыбымен түрмеге қамады, бұл Карломанның кіші бауырлары Людовик Кіші және Карл Балдының көтерілісімен байланысты болуы мүмкін. Моравиялықтар Сватоплюк қайтыс болды деп ойлап, билеуші әулетінен тағы бір мүшені, Славомирді таңдап, билеуші етіп қойды.
Форхейм бейбітшілігіне
Көп ұзамай Карлман Сватоплюкке тағылған айыптамалардың негізсіз екеніне көз жеткізіп, оны түрмеден босатты. Осылайша Карлманның ұлы Арнульфтің ұлы Моравиялық Звентибольд есімін алды. Бірақ "Растиславтың ескі қаласына" келген соң, Сватоплюк бавариялықтарға сатқындық жасап, бүлікшілермен жасырын сөз байласты. 871 жылдың қазан айында Людовик Неміс бавариялық және франк әскерлерін богемиялықтарға (чехтерге) қарсы жіберді. Жорық барысында франктар Богемия бекінісіне апаратын тар жолдарды қорғаған тұзақтарға жақын жерде моравиялықтардың бір тобын кездестірді. Неміс Людовигі Сватоплюктің қаншалықты қауіпті екенін түсінді. Бір әскер мамыр айында Регенсбургтен (Германия) "Моравиялық славяндарға қарсы" аттанды, бірақ Тюрингиялық және саксондық сарбаздар жаумен алғашқы шайқаста қашқандықтан, жеңіліске ұшырады. Вюрцбург епископы Арн мен Фулда аббаты Зигиард басқаратын франк әскерлерінен құралған екінші әскердің нәтижелері әртүрлі болды: олар жақсы шайқасқанымен, көптеген сарбаздар қаза тапты, ал азағында қалғандары ғана Шығыс Франк мемлекетіне оралды. Бірақ Сватоплюк көп ұзамай үлкен әскер жинап, Дунай өзенінің жағасында кемелерді күзетіп тұрған бавариялықтарға шабуыл жасады, олар Регенсбург епископы Эмриахоның басшылығында қалған еді. 873 жылдың мамыр айында папа Иоанн VIII әлі Баварияда тұтқында ұсталған Мефодийдің қайда екенін анықтау үшін белсенді әрекет етті. Ол Карлманға және Бавария епископтарына қатаң хаттар жіберіп, Мефодийді дереу қызметіне қайтаруға бұйырды. Рим папасымен Веронада (Италия) кездескеннен кейін неміс Людовигі Форххаймға барды, онда Фулда жылнамасының мәліметінше, "ол бейбітшілік шарты сұраған Сватоплюк елшілерін қабылдады". Осылайша, арада Моравияға оралуға рұқсат алған Мефодий өз жұмысын салыстырмалы түрде тыныш жағдайда бірнеше жыл бойы жалғастыра алды.
Кеңейту жылдары
Ұлы Моравия 870 жылдары едәуір кеңейді. Мысалы, Мефодийдің өмірбаянында Польшаның кейінгі аймақтарында "Висла өзені бойында қоныстанған күшті пұтқа табынушы князьдің" тұтқындалуы туралы айтылады. 900 жыл шамасында Зальцбург архиепискобы Теотомар жазған хатта Сватоплюк пұтқа табынушылар тұрған Нитра аймағын бағындырғаны жазылған. Алайда, қазіргі тарихнама Ұлы Моравияның көршілес үлкен аумақтарды тұрақты түрде қосып алғаны туралы мәлімдемелерге күмәнмен қарайды. Екінші жағынан, Мефодийдің өмірбаяны Сватоплюктің әскери табыстары мен Мефодийдің қызметін тікелей байланыстырады. Мысалы, өмірбаянында Мефодий князь Петір күнін архиепископ шіркеуінде тойласа, "Құдай оның жауларын тез арада жеңдіреді" деп уәде берген, және "осылай болды". Дегенмен, латын обрядын ұстанушы Сватоплюктің сарайында Мефодийге және Ескі Шіркеу Славян тіліндегі литургияға қарсы қастандықтар күшейді. Сватоплюк 879 жылы славян литургиясына қарсы болған Венециялық Иоаннды Римге жіберіп, шіркеулік келіспеушіліктерді шешуге тырысты. Бірақ Мефодий 880 жылы Моравиялық делегациямен бірге Римге сапарлады. Хат сонымен қатар Растислав билігінде Киелі Орынның Ұлы Моравия үшін архиепископтық құру туралы шешімін бекітті. Сватоплюктің өтінішімен Папа неміс дін қызметкері Вичингті Нитра епископы етіп тағайындады, бірақ жаңа епископ пен Ұлы Моравиядағы барлық дін қызметкерлері Мефодийге бағынуға тиіс екенін, ол Сватоплюктің мемлекетіндегі шіркеудің басшысы болып қалатынын қосты.
"Вильгельмин соғысы"
881 жылы Шарль Тоң Шығыс Францияның жалғыз билеушісі болғанда, 870-871 жылдары Моравияны басып алған бавариялық әскерлердің бұрынғы қолбасшылары Вильгельм мен Энгельсхальктың ұлдары, Арбоны қызметтен шеттету үшін түрлі бавариялық саудагерлермен сөз байласа бастады. Марграф Людовик Неміс Арбоны Дунайдағы Шығыс Франция шекарасының маңызды бөлігіне басшылық етуге тағайындаған еді. Бірақ Арбо Чарльз Тоң мен Сватоплюктан көмек сұрап, тіпті ұлын оларға кепіл ретінде тапсырды. Арбоның өтінішімен, Вильгельм мен Энгельсхальктен "өзі мен халқы қаншалықты зұлымдық көргенін" есінде сақтаған Сватоплюк олардың ұлдарына шабуыл жасады. Содан кейін қалған ұлдары Чарльз Тоңның билігінен бас тартып, сол кезде Паннонияда билік еткен Карлманның ұлы Арнульфтің қол астына өтті. Бұл туралы хабардар болған Сватоплюк Арнульфке елшілер жіберіп, Вильгельм мен Энгельсхальктың ұлдарын дереу қайтаруды талап етті. Бірақ Арнульф оларды беруден бас тартты, соған жауап ретінде Сватоплюк тағы шабуылдар жасады. Салцбург жылнамаларында жазылғандай, 881 жылы венгрлер Вена (Австрия) аймағына да шабуыл жасады. Олар Сватоплюк немесе Арнульфтің қақтығысына араласу үшін жалдаған болуы мүмкін. Осылайша 884 жылға дейін созылған «Вильгельмин соғысы» Раба өзенінің шығысындағы Паннонияның қирауына әкелді. Ақырында, Чарльз Тоң өзі келіп, Каумбергте (Германия) Сватоплюкты өзінің адамы ретінде қабылдады, одан бейбітшілік пен адалдық туралы уәде алды. Дегенмен, Арнульф пен Сватоплюк арасындағы бейбітшілік келесі жылдың соңында ғана орнатылды.
Соңғы жылдар
Мефодий, похоже, находился в свите Сватоплука в Каумберге и умер в 885 году. В последние дни своей жизни он указал Горазда, одного из своих моравских учеников, как наиболее достойного преемника. Однако Горазд не представил или не смог немедленно представить свою кандидатуру на ратификацию Святого Престола, поскольку епископ Вихинг из Нитры вскоре поспешил в Рим. Когда они отказались, Сватоплук дал Вихингу свободу действий против них. Однако изгнанники впоследствии нашли убежище в Первой Болгарской империи, где смогли продолжить свою работу. Климент Охридский сказал: В своем письме Quia te zelo папа обратился к Сватоплуку как к rex Sclavorum («королю славян»). Согласно Хронике священника из Дукли конца XII века, Сватоплук был коронован «королем в римском стиле на поле Дальма» в присутствии папского легата, кардиналов и епископов. Они встретились в Омунтесперхе, местонахождение которого до сих пор не установлено, зимой 890 года. На встрече Сватоплук передал Арнульфу сообщение от папы Стефана V, призывавшего короля вторгнуться в Италию для защиты Святого Престола. По словам Регино из Прюма, два монарха также заключили соглашение, в котором Арнульф уступил герцогство богемцев Сватоплуку. В год воплощения Господня 890 король Арнульф передал командование богемцами королю Звентибальду Моравских славян. До этого богемцы имели правителей из своего рода и народа и сохраняли верность, обещанную королям франков, посредством нерушимого соглашения. Арнульф сделал это потому, что до того, как он был возведен на трон королевства, он был тесно связан дружбой со Звентибальдом. Регино из Прюма: Хроника, Книга II.
In his letter Quia te zelo, the pope addressed Svatopluk as rex Sclavorum ("king of the Slavs"). According to the late 12th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, Svatopluk had been crowned "king in the Roman fashion on the field of Dalma" in the presence of a papal legate, cardinals, and bishops. They met at Omuntesperch, a locality that has yet not been identified, during the winter of 890. At the meeting Svatopluk transmitted to Arnulf a message from Pope Stephen V, urging the king to invade Italy to protect the Holy See. According to Regino of Prüm, the two monarchs also concluded an agreement, in which Arnulf ceded the ducatus of the Bohemians to Svatopluk. In the year of the Lord's incarnation 890, King Arnulf gave the command of the Bohemians to King Zwentibald of the Moravian Slavs. Hitherto, the Bohemians had rulers from among their own kind and people, and had kept the fidelity they promised to the kings of the Franks by inviolable agreement. Arnulf did this because, before he had been raised to the throne of the kingdom, he had been joined to Zwentibald in close friendship.|Regino of Prüm: Chronicon, Book II
Sometime during 891, according to the Annals of Fulda, Arnulf sent an embassy led by margrave Arbo to Moravia in order to renew the peace. A letter written by the margrave soon announced that the legates were returning from Svatopluk and the Moravians who had agreed "to give themselves in friendship". First the king met with Braslav, the Slavic dux on the river Sava, then raised an army of Franconians, Bavarians and Alamanni, and also recruited Hungarians to join his campaign. In the late 10th century, Arnulf was accused by Ottonian authors of unleashing the Hungarians on Europe because of his desire to bring down Moravia. Meanwhile, Arnulf, the strongest king of the nations living below the star Arcturus, could not overcome Sviatopolk, duke of the Moravians, who we mentioned above, with the latter fighting back in a manly way; and – alas! – having dismantled those very well fortified barriers which we said earlier are called "closures" by the populace, Arnulf summoned to his aid the nation of the Hungarians, greedy, rash, ignorant of almighty God but well versed in every crime, avid only for murder and plunder; if indeed it can be called "aid", since a little later, with him dying, it proved to be grave peril, and even the occasion of ruin, for his people alongside the other nations living in the south and west.|Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution, Book One
Arnulf's invasion started in July 892, but he failed to defeat Svatopluk. This was the year of Svatopluk's "most unlucky death", according to the Annals of Fulda, which implies that he met his end in some kind of mishap, the sort that occurs in war. The exact circumstances of Svatopluk's death, however, are unknown. Zwentibald, the dux of the Moravians and the source of all treachery, who had disturbed all the lands around him with tricks and cunning and circled around thirsting for human blood, made an unhappy end, exhorting his men at the last that they should not be lovers of peace but rather continue in enmity with their neighbors.|Annals of Fulda (year 894)
Simon of Kéza recorded that he died in battle near Környe Among the conquered peoples, the Czechs were the first to withdraw in 895. Finally Moravia collapsed in the first decade of the 10th century due to the invasion of the Hungarians. The prince of Moravia, Sphendoplokos, was valiant and terrible to the nations that were his neighbors. This same Sphendoplokos had three sons, and when he was dying he divided his country into three parts and left a share apiece to his three sons, leaving the eldest to be great prince and the other two to be under the command of the eldest son. He exhorted them not to fall out with one another, giving them this example by way of illustration: he brought three wands and bound them together and gave them to the first son to break them, and when he was not strong enough, handed them on to the second, and in like manner to the third, and then separated the three wands and gave one each to the three of them; when they had taken them and were bidden to break them, they broke them through at once. By means of this illustration he exhorted them and said: "If you remain undivided in concord and love, you shall be unconquered by your adversaries and invincible; but if strife and rivalry come among you and you divide yourselves into three governments, not subject to the eldest brother, you shall be both destroyed by one another and brought to utter ruin by the enemies who are your neighbors. "|Constantine Porphyrogenitus: On Administering the Empire, Chapter 41
According to Hungarian legends, the Hungarians purchased the country from Svatopluk in a symbolic act of exchange: they sent a white horse with saddler to Svatopluk in return for some earth, water and grass, supposed to represent his country itself. In response, Ján Baltazár Magin, the Roman Catholic pastor of Dubnica, wrote the oldest known defense of the Slovak nation in 1728. Next another Catholic priest, Juraj Fándly, completed a history in Latin entitled Compendiata historia gentis Slavae ("A Brief History of the Slovak Nation") in which he depicted Moravia as a state of Slovaks and Svatopluk as their king. In 1833 the poet Ján Hollý published a poem entitled Svätopluk, the first of a series of epic poems dealing with the past of the Slovak people.
В какой-то момент 891 года, согласно Анналам Фульды, Арнульф отправил посольство во главе с марграфом Арбо в Моравию с целью возобновить мир. Письмо, написанное марграфом, вскоре сообщило, что легаты возвращаются от Сватоплука и моравцев, которые согласились «отдать себя в дружбу». Сначала король встретился с Брасславом, славянским дуксом на реке Саве, затем собрал армию франконцев, баварцев и алеманнов, а также нанял венгров для присоединения к его кампании. В конце X века Оттонские авторы обвинили Арнульфа в развязывании венгров на Европу из-за его желания свергнуть Моравию. Тем временем Арнульф, сильнейший король народов, живущих под звездой Арктура, не смог одолеть Святополка, герцога моравцев, о котором мы упоминали выше, последний сражался мужественно; и – увы! – разрушив те самые хорошо укрепленные барьеры, которые, как мы уже говорили, народ называет «замыканиями», Арнульф призвал на помощь венгерский народ, жадный, опрометчивый, незнакомый с всемогущим Богом, но хорошо разбирающийся во всякой злобе, жаждущий только убийства и грабежа; если, конечно, это можно назвать «помощью», поскольку вскоре, с его смертью, это оказалось серьезной опасностью и даже причиной гибели для его народа наряду с другими народами, живущими на юге и западе. Лиудпранд Кремонский: Возмездие, Книга Первая.
In his letter Quia te zelo, the pope addressed Svatopluk as rex Sclavorum ("king of the Slavs"). According to the late 12th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, Svatopluk had been crowned "king in the Roman fashion on the field of Dalma" in the presence of a papal legate, cardinals, and bishops. They met at Omuntesperch, a locality that has yet not been identified, during the winter of 890. At the meeting Svatopluk transmitted to Arnulf a message from Pope Stephen V, urging the king to invade Italy to protect the Holy See. According to Regino of Prüm, the two monarchs also concluded an agreement, in which Arnulf ceded the ducatus of the Bohemians to Svatopluk. In the year of the Lord's incarnation 890, King Arnulf gave the command of the Bohemians to King Zwentibald of the Moravian Slavs. Hitherto, the Bohemians had rulers from among their own kind and people, and had kept the fidelity they promised to the kings of the Franks by inviolable agreement. Arnulf did this because, before he had been raised to the throne of the kingdom, he had been joined to Zwentibald in close friendship.|Regino of Prüm: Chronicon, Book II
Sometime during 891, according to the Annals of Fulda, Arnulf sent an embassy led by margrave Arbo to Moravia in order to renew the peace. A letter written by the margrave soon announced that the legates were returning from Svatopluk and the Moravians who had agreed "to give themselves in friendship". First the king met with Braslav, the Slavic dux on the river Sava, then raised an army of Franconians, Bavarians and Alamanni, and also recruited Hungarians to join his campaign. In the late 10th century, Arnulf was accused by Ottonian authors of unleashing the Hungarians on Europe because of his desire to bring down Moravia. Meanwhile, Arnulf, the strongest king of the nations living below the star Arcturus, could not overcome Sviatopolk, duke of the Moravians, who we mentioned above, with the latter fighting back in a manly way; and – alas! – having dismantled those very well fortified barriers which we said earlier are called "closures" by the populace, Arnulf summoned to his aid the nation of the Hungarians, greedy, rash, ignorant of almighty God but well versed in every crime, avid only for murder and plunder; if indeed it can be called "aid", since a little later, with him dying, it proved to be grave peril, and even the occasion of ruin, for his people alongside the other nations living in the south and west.|Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution, Book One
Arnulf's invasion started in July 892, but he failed to defeat Svatopluk. This was the year of Svatopluk's "most unlucky death", according to the Annals of Fulda, which implies that he met his end in some kind of mishap, the sort that occurs in war. The exact circumstances of Svatopluk's death, however, are unknown. Zwentibald, the dux of the Moravians and the source of all treachery, who had disturbed all the lands around him with tricks and cunning and circled around thirsting for human blood, made an unhappy end, exhorting his men at the last that they should not be lovers of peace but rather continue in enmity with their neighbors.|Annals of Fulda (year 894)
Simon of Kéza recorded that he died in battle near Környe Among the conquered peoples, the Czechs were the first to withdraw in 895. Finally Moravia collapsed in the first decade of the 10th century due to the invasion of the Hungarians. The prince of Moravia, Sphendoplokos, was valiant and terrible to the nations that were his neighbors. This same Sphendoplokos had three sons, and when he was dying he divided his country into three parts and left a share apiece to his three sons, leaving the eldest to be great prince and the other two to be under the command of the eldest son. He exhorted them not to fall out with one another, giving them this example by way of illustration: he brought three wands and bound them together and gave them to the first son to break them, and when he was not strong enough, handed them on to the second, and in like manner to the third, and then separated the three wands and gave one each to the three of them; when they had taken them and were bidden to break them, they broke them through at once. By means of this illustration he exhorted them and said: "If you remain undivided in concord and love, you shall be unconquered by your adversaries and invincible; but if strife and rivalry come among you and you divide yourselves into three governments, not subject to the eldest brother, you shall be both destroyed by one another and brought to utter ruin by the enemies who are your neighbors. "|Constantine Porphyrogenitus: On Administering the Empire, Chapter 41
According to Hungarian legends, the Hungarians purchased the country from Svatopluk in a symbolic act of exchange: they sent a white horse with saddler to Svatopluk in return for some earth, water and grass, supposed to represent his country itself. In response, Ján Baltazár Magin, the Roman Catholic pastor of Dubnica, wrote the oldest known defense of the Slovak nation in 1728. Next another Catholic priest, Juraj Fándly, completed a history in Latin entitled Compendiata historia gentis Slavae ("A Brief History of the Slovak Nation") in which he depicted Moravia as a state of Slovaks and Svatopluk as their king. In 1833 the poet Ján Hollý published a poem entitled Svätopluk, the first of a series of epic poems dealing with the past of the Slovak people.
Вторжение Арнульфа началось в июле 892 года, но ему не удалось победить Сватоплука. Это был год «самой несчастливой смерти» Сватоплука, согласно Анналам Фульды, что подразумевает, что он погиб в результате какого-то несчастного случая, подобного тому, что происходит на войне. Точные обстоятельства смерти Сватоплука, однако, неизвестны. Звентибальд, дукс моравцев и источник всей коварства, который своими уловками и хитростями потревожил все земли вокруг себя и кружил, жаждущий человеческой крови, окончил жизнь несчастным, убеждая своих людей в последние минуты, что они не должны быть любителями мира, а скорее продолжать вражду со своими соседями. Анналы Фульды (894 год).
In his letter Quia te zelo, the pope addressed Svatopluk as rex Sclavorum ("king of the Slavs"). According to the late 12th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, Svatopluk had been crowned "king in the Roman fashion on the field of Dalma" in the presence of a papal legate, cardinals, and bishops. They met at Omuntesperch, a locality that has yet not been identified, during the winter of 890. At the meeting Svatopluk transmitted to Arnulf a message from Pope Stephen V, urging the king to invade Italy to protect the Holy See. According to Regino of Prüm, the two monarchs also concluded an agreement, in which Arnulf ceded the ducatus of the Bohemians to Svatopluk. In the year of the Lord's incarnation 890, King Arnulf gave the command of the Bohemians to King Zwentibald of the Moravian Slavs. Hitherto, the Bohemians had rulers from among their own kind and people, and had kept the fidelity they promised to the kings of the Franks by inviolable agreement. Arnulf did this because, before he had been raised to the throne of the kingdom, he had been joined to Zwentibald in close friendship.|Regino of Prüm: Chronicon, Book II
Sometime during 891, according to the Annals of Fulda, Arnulf sent an embassy led by margrave Arbo to Moravia in order to renew the peace. A letter written by the margrave soon announced that the legates were returning from Svatopluk and the Moravians who had agreed "to give themselves in friendship". First the king met with Braslav, the Slavic dux on the river Sava, then raised an army of Franconians, Bavarians and Alamanni, and also recruited Hungarians to join his campaign. In the late 10th century, Arnulf was accused by Ottonian authors of unleashing the Hungarians on Europe because of his desire to bring down Moravia. Meanwhile, Arnulf, the strongest king of the nations living below the star Arcturus, could not overcome Sviatopolk, duke of the Moravians, who we mentioned above, with the latter fighting back in a manly way; and – alas! – having dismantled those very well fortified barriers which we said earlier are called "closures" by the populace, Arnulf summoned to his aid the nation of the Hungarians, greedy, rash, ignorant of almighty God but well versed in every crime, avid only for murder and plunder; if indeed it can be called "aid", since a little later, with him dying, it proved to be grave peril, and even the occasion of ruin, for his people alongside the other nations living in the south and west.|Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution, Book One
Arnulf's invasion started in July 892, but he failed to defeat Svatopluk. This was the year of Svatopluk's "most unlucky death", according to the Annals of Fulda, which implies that he met his end in some kind of mishap, the sort that occurs in war. The exact circumstances of Svatopluk's death, however, are unknown. Zwentibald, the dux of the Moravians and the source of all treachery, who had disturbed all the lands around him with tricks and cunning and circled around thirsting for human blood, made an unhappy end, exhorting his men at the last that they should not be lovers of peace but rather continue in enmity with their neighbors.|Annals of Fulda (year 894)
Simon of Kéza recorded that he died in battle near Környe Among the conquered peoples, the Czechs were the first to withdraw in 895. Finally Moravia collapsed in the first decade of the 10th century due to the invasion of the Hungarians. The prince of Moravia, Sphendoplokos, was valiant and terrible to the nations that were his neighbors. This same Sphendoplokos had three sons, and when he was dying he divided his country into three parts and left a share apiece to his three sons, leaving the eldest to be great prince and the other two to be under the command of the eldest son. He exhorted them not to fall out with one another, giving them this example by way of illustration: he brought three wands and bound them together and gave them to the first son to break them, and when he was not strong enough, handed them on to the second, and in like manner to the third, and then separated the three wands and gave one each to the three of them; when they had taken them and were bidden to break them, they broke them through at once. By means of this illustration he exhorted them and said: "If you remain undivided in concord and love, you shall be unconquered by your adversaries and invincible; but if strife and rivalry come among you and you divide yourselves into three governments, not subject to the eldest brother, you shall be both destroyed by one another and brought to utter ruin by the enemies who are your neighbors. "|Constantine Porphyrogenitus: On Administering the Empire, Chapter 41
According to Hungarian legends, the Hungarians purchased the country from Svatopluk in a symbolic act of exchange: they sent a white horse with saddler to Svatopluk in return for some earth, water and grass, supposed to represent his country itself. In response, Ján Baltazár Magin, the Roman Catholic pastor of Dubnica, wrote the oldest known defense of the Slovak nation in 1728. Next another Catholic priest, Juraj Fándly, completed a history in Latin entitled Compendiata historia gentis Slavae ("A Brief History of the Slovak Nation") in which he depicted Moravia as a state of Slovaks and Svatopluk as their king. In 1833 the poet Ján Hollý published a poem entitled Svätopluk, the first of a series of epic poems dealing with the past of the Slovak people.
Симон Кеза записал, что он умер в битве возле Кёрне. Среди покоренных народов первыми отступили чехи в 895 году. Наконец, Моравия рухнула в первом десятилетии X века из-за вторжения венгров. Князь Моравии Сфендоплок был храбр и страшен для народов, которые были его соседями. У того же Сфендоплока было три сына, и когда он умирал, он разделил свою страну на три части и оставил каждому из своих трех сыновей по доле, оставив старшего великим князем, а двух других – под командованием старшего сына. Он увещевал их не ссориться друг с другом, приводя им в качестве примера следующее: он принес три прута и связал их вместе и дал старшему сыну сломать их, а когда тот не смог, передал их второму, и так же третьему, а затем разделил три прута и дал каждому из трех по одному; когда они взяли их и им было велено сломать их, они сломали их сразу. С помощью этого примера он увещевал их и сказал: «Если вы останетесь неразделенными в согласии и любви, вы будете непобедимы для своих врагов и непобедимы; но если между вами возникнет распри и соперничество, и вы разделитесь на три правительства, не подчиняющиеся старшему брату, то вы будете уничтожены друг другом и полностью разорены врагами, которые являются вашими соседями». Константин Порфирогенит: Об управлении империей, Глава 41.
In his letter Quia te zelo, the pope addressed Svatopluk as rex Sclavorum ("king of the Slavs"). According to the late 12th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, Svatopluk had been crowned "king in the Roman fashion on the field of Dalma" in the presence of a papal legate, cardinals, and bishops. They met at Omuntesperch, a locality that has yet not been identified, during the winter of 890. At the meeting Svatopluk transmitted to Arnulf a message from Pope Stephen V, urging the king to invade Italy to protect the Holy See. According to Regino of Prüm, the two monarchs also concluded an agreement, in which Arnulf ceded the ducatus of the Bohemians to Svatopluk. In the year of the Lord's incarnation 890, King Arnulf gave the command of the Bohemians to King Zwentibald of the Moravian Slavs. Hitherto, the Bohemians had rulers from among their own kind and people, and had kept the fidelity they promised to the kings of the Franks by inviolable agreement. Arnulf did this because, before he had been raised to the throne of the kingdom, he had been joined to Zwentibald in close friendship.|Regino of Prüm: Chronicon, Book II
Sometime during 891, according to the Annals of Fulda, Arnulf sent an embassy led by margrave Arbo to Moravia in order to renew the peace. A letter written by the margrave soon announced that the legates were returning from Svatopluk and the Moravians who had agreed "to give themselves in friendship". First the king met with Braslav, the Slavic dux on the river Sava, then raised an army of Franconians, Bavarians and Alamanni, and also recruited Hungarians to join his campaign. In the late 10th century, Arnulf was accused by Ottonian authors of unleashing the Hungarians on Europe because of his desire to bring down Moravia. Meanwhile, Arnulf, the strongest king of the nations living below the star Arcturus, could not overcome Sviatopolk, duke of the Moravians, who we mentioned above, with the latter fighting back in a manly way; and – alas! – having dismantled those very well fortified barriers which we said earlier are called "closures" by the populace, Arnulf summoned to his aid the nation of the Hungarians, greedy, rash, ignorant of almighty God but well versed in every crime, avid only for murder and plunder; if indeed it can be called "aid", since a little later, with him dying, it proved to be grave peril, and even the occasion of ruin, for his people alongside the other nations living in the south and west.|Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution, Book One
Arnulf's invasion started in July 892, but he failed to defeat Svatopluk. This was the year of Svatopluk's "most unlucky death", according to the Annals of Fulda, which implies that he met his end in some kind of mishap, the sort that occurs in war. The exact circumstances of Svatopluk's death, however, are unknown. Zwentibald, the dux of the Moravians and the source of all treachery, who had disturbed all the lands around him with tricks and cunning and circled around thirsting for human blood, made an unhappy end, exhorting his men at the last that they should not be lovers of peace but rather continue in enmity with their neighbors.|Annals of Fulda (year 894)
Simon of Kéza recorded that he died in battle near Környe Among the conquered peoples, the Czechs were the first to withdraw in 895. Finally Moravia collapsed in the first decade of the 10th century due to the invasion of the Hungarians. The prince of Moravia, Sphendoplokos, was valiant and terrible to the nations that were his neighbors. This same Sphendoplokos had three sons, and when he was dying he divided his country into three parts and left a share apiece to his three sons, leaving the eldest to be great prince and the other two to be under the command of the eldest son. He exhorted them not to fall out with one another, giving them this example by way of illustration: he brought three wands and bound them together and gave them to the first son to break them, and when he was not strong enough, handed them on to the second, and in like manner to the third, and then separated the three wands and gave one each to the three of them; when they had taken them and were bidden to break them, they broke them through at once. By means of this illustration he exhorted them and said: "If you remain undivided in concord and love, you shall be unconquered by your adversaries and invincible; but if strife and rivalry come among you and you divide yourselves into three governments, not subject to the eldest brother, you shall be both destroyed by one another and brought to utter ruin by the enemies who are your neighbors. "|Constantine Porphyrogenitus: On Administering the Empire, Chapter 41
According to Hungarian legends, the Hungarians purchased the country from Svatopluk in a symbolic act of exchange: they sent a white horse with saddler to Svatopluk in return for some earth, water and grass, supposed to represent his country itself. In response, Ján Baltazár Magin, the Roman Catholic pastor of Dubnica, wrote the oldest known defense of the Slovak nation in 1728. Next another Catholic priest, Juraj Fándly, completed a history in Latin entitled Compendiata historia gentis Slavae ("A Brief History of the Slovak Nation") in which he depicted Moravia as a state of Slovaks and Svatopluk as their king. In 1833 the poet Ján Hollý published a poem entitled Svätopluk, the first of a series of epic poems dealing with the past of the Slovak people.
Согласно венгерским легендам, венгры купили страну у Сватоплука в символическом акте обмена: они отправили Сватоплуку белого коня с седельником в обмен на землю, воду и траву, которые, как предполагается, представляли собой его страну. В ответ Ян Балтазар Магин, римско-католический пастор из Дубницы, написал в 1728 году старейшую известную защиту словацкой нации. Затем другой католический священник, Юрай Фандли, завершил историю на латыни под названием Compendiata historia gentis Slavae («Краткая история словацкой нации»), в которой он изобразил Моравию как государство словаков, а Сватоплука как их короля. В 1833 году поэт Ян Холли опубликовал поэму под названием Svätopluk, первую из серии эпических поэм, посвященных прошлому словацкого народа.
In his letter Quia te zelo, the pope addressed Svatopluk as rex Sclavorum ("king of the Slavs"). According to the late 12th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, Svatopluk had been crowned "king in the Roman fashion on the field of Dalma" in the presence of a papal legate, cardinals, and bishops. They met at Omuntesperch, a locality that has yet not been identified, during the winter of 890. At the meeting Svatopluk transmitted to Arnulf a message from Pope Stephen V, urging the king to invade Italy to protect the Holy See. According to Regino of Prüm, the two monarchs also concluded an agreement, in which Arnulf ceded the ducatus of the Bohemians to Svatopluk. In the year of the Lord's incarnation 890, King Arnulf gave the command of the Bohemians to King Zwentibald of the Moravian Slavs. Hitherto, the Bohemians had rulers from among their own kind and people, and had kept the fidelity they promised to the kings of the Franks by inviolable agreement. Arnulf did this because, before he had been raised to the throne of the kingdom, he had been joined to Zwentibald in close friendship.|Regino of Prüm: Chronicon, Book II
Sometime during 891, according to the Annals of Fulda, Arnulf sent an embassy led by margrave Arbo to Moravia in order to renew the peace. A letter written by the margrave soon announced that the legates were returning from Svatopluk and the Moravians who had agreed "to give themselves in friendship". First the king met with Braslav, the Slavic dux on the river Sava, then raised an army of Franconians, Bavarians and Alamanni, and also recruited Hungarians to join his campaign. In the late 10th century, Arnulf was accused by Ottonian authors of unleashing the Hungarians on Europe because of his desire to bring down Moravia. Meanwhile, Arnulf, the strongest king of the nations living below the star Arcturus, could not overcome Sviatopolk, duke of the Moravians, who we mentioned above, with the latter fighting back in a manly way; and – alas! – having dismantled those very well fortified barriers which we said earlier are called "closures" by the populace, Arnulf summoned to his aid the nation of the Hungarians, greedy, rash, ignorant of almighty God but well versed in every crime, avid only for murder and plunder; if indeed it can be called "aid", since a little later, with him dying, it proved to be grave peril, and even the occasion of ruin, for his people alongside the other nations living in the south and west.|Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution, Book One
Arnulf's invasion started in July 892, but he failed to defeat Svatopluk. This was the year of Svatopluk's "most unlucky death", according to the Annals of Fulda, which implies that he met his end in some kind of mishap, the sort that occurs in war. The exact circumstances of Svatopluk's death, however, are unknown. Zwentibald, the dux of the Moravians and the source of all treachery, who had disturbed all the lands around him with tricks and cunning and circled around thirsting for human blood, made an unhappy end, exhorting his men at the last that they should not be lovers of peace but rather continue in enmity with their neighbors.|Annals of Fulda (year 894)
Simon of Kéza recorded that he died in battle near Környe Among the conquered peoples, the Czechs were the first to withdraw in 895. Finally Moravia collapsed in the first decade of the 10th century due to the invasion of the Hungarians. The prince of Moravia, Sphendoplokos, was valiant and terrible to the nations that were his neighbors. This same Sphendoplokos had three sons, and when he was dying he divided his country into three parts and left a share apiece to his three sons, leaving the eldest to be great prince and the other two to be under the command of the eldest son. He exhorted them not to fall out with one another, giving them this example by way of illustration: he brought three wands and bound them together and gave them to the first son to break them, and when he was not strong enough, handed them on to the second, and in like manner to the third, and then separated the three wands and gave one each to the three of them; when they had taken them and were bidden to break them, they broke them through at once. By means of this illustration he exhorted them and said: "If you remain undivided in concord and love, you shall be unconquered by your adversaries and invincible; but if strife and rivalry come among you and you divide yourselves into three governments, not subject to the eldest brother, you shall be both destroyed by one another and brought to utter ruin by the enemies who are your neighbors. "|Constantine Porphyrogenitus: On Administering the Empire, Chapter 41
According to Hungarian legends, the Hungarians purchased the country from Svatopluk in a symbolic act of exchange: they sent a white horse with saddler to Svatopluk in return for some earth, water and grass, supposed to represent his country itself. In response, Ján Baltazár Magin, the Roman Catholic pastor of Dubnica, wrote the oldest known defense of the Slovak nation in 1728. Next another Catholic priest, Juraj Fándly, completed a history in Latin entitled Compendiata historia gentis Slavae ("A Brief History of the Slovak Nation") in which he depicted Moravia as a state of Slovaks and Svatopluk as their king. In 1833 the poet Ján Hollý published a poem entitled Svätopluk, the first of a series of epic poems dealing with the past of the Slovak people.