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Spelling and punctuation of the Irish language

Irish orthography is the set of conventions used to write Irish. A spelling reform in the mid 20th century led to An Caighdeán Oifigiúil, the modern standard written form used by the Government of Ireland, which regulates both spelling and grammar. The reform removed inter dialectal silent letters, simplified some letter sequences, and modernised archaic spellings to reflect modern pronunciation, but it also removed letters pronounced in some dialects but not in others. Irish spelling represents all Irish dialects to a high degree despite their considerable phonological variation, e. g. crann ("tree") is read in Mayo and Ulster, in Galway, or in Munster. Some words may have dialectal pronunciations not reflected by their standard spelling, and they sometimes have distinct dialectal spellings to reflect this. Prior to the mid 20th century, Gaelic type (cló Gaelach) was the main typeface used to write Irish; now, it is usually replaced by Roman type (cló Rómhánach). The use of Ogham and Gaelic type today is restricted to decorative or self consciously traditional contexts. The dot above a lenited letter in Gaelic type is usually replaced by a following in Roman type (e. g. → ).

Consonants are generally "broad" (velarised) when beside and "slender" (palatalised) when beside Irish orthography does not allow consonant letters or digraphs to be doubled (except in ), in compound words which would result in doubled consonants they are broken up by a hyphen (see below). Letter(s) Phoneme(s) Example(s)UC M b broad bain "take" (imper. ), scuab "broom" slender béal "mouth", cnáib "hemp" bh broad bhain "took", ábhar "material", dubhaigh "blacken" (imper. ), taobh "side", dubh "black" slender bhéal "mouth" (lenited), cuibhreann "common table", aibhneacha "rivers", sibh "you" (pl.) See below for bhf(eclipsis of ) broad bhfuinneog "window" (eclipsed) slender bhfíon "wine" (eclipsed) bp(eclipsis of ) broad bpoll "hole" (eclipsed) slender bpríosún "prison" (eclipsed) c broad cáis "cheese", mac "son" slender ceist "question", mic "sons" ch broad cháis "cheese" (lenited), taoiseach "chieftain, Prime Minister of Ireland"slenderbefore boichte "poorer"usually cheist "question" (lenited), deich "ten", oíche "night" d broad dorn "fist", nead "nest" slender dearg "red", cuid "part" dh broadinitially dhorn "fist" (lenited)elsewhereádh "luck" slenderusually dhearg "red" (lenited), fáidh "prophet"finally See below for See Exceptions in verb forms for at the end of verbs endings. dt broadeclipsis of dtaisce "treasure" (eclipsed)elsewhere greadta "beaten" slendereclipsis of dtír "country" (eclipsed)elsewheregoidte "stolen" f broad fós "still", graf "graph" slender fíon "wine", stuif "stuff" See Exceptions in verb forms for in future and conditional personal verb endings. fh fhuinneog "window" (lenited), fhíon "wine" (lenited) g broad gasúr "boy", bog "soft" slender geata "gate", carraig "rock" gc(eclipsis of ) broad gcáis "cheese" (eclipsed) slender gceist "question" (eclipsed) gh broadinitially ghasúr "boy" (lenited)elsewhereEoghan (male name) slenderusually gheata "gate" (lenited), dóigh "way, manner"finally See below for See Exceptions in verb forms for at the end of verbs. h hata "hat", na héisc "the fish" (plural)j (loan consonant)jab "job", jíp "jeep"lbroadinitiallyusuallyluí "lying (down)"lenitedlann "blade" (lenited)elsewhere or béal "mouth"slenderinitiallyusuallyleisciúil "lazy"lenitedleanbh "baby" (lenited)elsewhere or siúil "walk"llbroad poll "hole"slender coill "woods" m broad mór "big", am "time" slender milis "sweet", im "butter" mb(eclipsis of ) broad mbaineann "takes" (eclipsed) slender mbéal "mouth" (eclipsed) mh broad mhór "big" (lenited), lámha "hands", léamh "reading" slender mhilis "sweet" (lenited), uimhir "number", nimh "poison" See below for nbroadinitiallyusuallynaoi "nine"lenitednótaí "notes" (lenited)after non initial cons. mná "women", cnaipe "press"usually or bean "woman"slenderinitiallyusuallyneart "strength"lenitedneart "strength" (lenited)after non initial cons. gnéas "sex", cníopaire "skinflint"usually or Eoin (male name) nc broad ancaire "anchor" slender rinc "dance" nd(eclipsis of ) broad ndorn "fist" (eclipsed) slender ndearg "red" (eclipsed) ng broadeclipsis of ngasúr "boy" (eclipsed)elsewherelong "ship", teanga "tongue" slendereclipsis of ngeata "gate" (eclipsed)elsewherecuing "yoke", ingear "vertical"nnbroad ceann "head"slendertinneas "illness" p broad poll "hole", stop "stop" slender príosún "prison", truip "trip" ph broad pholl "hole" (lenited) slender phríosún "prison" (lenited) r broad ruán "buckwheat", cumhra "fragrant", fuar "cold"slenderinitiallyrí "king"before airde "height", duirling "stony beach", coirnéal "corner", cuairt "visit", oirthear "east"after sreang "string"usually tirim "dry", fuair "got"rrcarr "car, cart" s broad Sasana "England", tús "beginning"slenderinitially before sféar "sphere", speal "scythe", sméar "blackberry", sreang "string"usually sean "old", cáis "cheese" sh Shasana "England" (lenited), shiúil "walked" t broad taisce "treasure", ceart "correct" slender tír "country", beirt "two (people)" thusually thuaidh "north", thíos "below", athair "father", coinnithe "kept", ith "eat", foghlamtha "learned", ruaigthe "chased", scuabtha "swept"finally after a long vowel or diphthong bláth "blossom", cliath "harrow" ts(mutation of after an "the") broad an tsolais "the light (gen.)" slender an tSín "China" v (loan consonant) broad vóta "vote" slender veidhlín "violin"z (loan consonant)broadzú "zoo"slenderZen "Zen"

Vowel sequences are common in Irish spelling due to the "caol le caol agus leathan le leathan" ("slender with slender and broad with broad") rule, i. e. that the vowels on either side of any consonant (or consonant cluster) must be both slender or both broad , to unambiguously determine if the consonant(s) are broad or slender. An apparent exception is , which is followed by a broad consonant despite the
The acute accent (; agúid or (síneadh) fada "long (sign)") is used to indicate a long vowel, as in bád "boat". However, there are other conventions to indicate a long vowel, such as:

A following , e. g. ard "high", eirleach "destruction", dorn "fist", and, in Connacht, a word final , e. g. am "time". The digraphs , e. g. aerach "gay", maol "bare", ceol "music". The tri/tetragraphs , e. g. comharsa "neighbour", Mumhain "Munster". and before or , e. g. fiáin "wild", ruóg "twine". The overdot (; ponc séimhithe "dot of lenition") was traditionally used to indicate lenition, though An Caighdeán exclusively uses a following for this purpose. In Old Irish, the overdot was only used for , while the following was used for and the lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two methods were used in parallel to represent lenition of any consonant (except ) until the standard practice became to use the overdot in Gaelic type and the following in Roman type. Thus the dotted letters (litreacha buailte "struck letters") are equivalent to letters followed by a , i. e.
Lowercase has no tittle in Gaelic type, and road signs in the Republic of Ireland. However, as printed and electronic material like books, newspapers and web pages use Roman type almost invariably, the tittle is generally shown. Irish does not graphemically distinguish dotted i and dotless ı, i. e. they are not different letters as they are in, e. g. Turkish and Azeri.

Most Irish abbreviations are straightforward, e. g. leathanach → lch. ("page → p.") and mar shampla → m. sh. ("exempli gratia (for example) → e. g."), but two that require explanation are: is é sin → i. ("that is → i. e.") and agus araile → ⁊rl./srl. ("et cetera (and so forth) → &c./etc."). Like in English, follows an ordinal numeral, e. g. Is é Lá Fheile Phádraig an 17ú lá den Márta "St. Patrick's day is the 17th [day] of March".

The literary Classical Irish which survived till the 17th century was archaic; the first attempt at simplification was not until 1639. The spelling represented a dialect continuum including distinctions lost in all surviving dialects by the Gaelic revival of the late 19th century. The idea of a spelling reform, linked to the use of Roman or Gaelic type, was controversial in the early decades of the 20th century. The Irish Texts Society's 1904 Irish English dictionary by Patrick S. Dinneen used traditional spellings. Instead, the Oireachtas' own translation service prepared a booklet, Litriú na Gaeilge: Lámhleabhar an Chaighdeáin Oifigiúil, published in 1945. and republished as An Caighdeán Oifigiúil "The Official Standard" in 1958, combined with the standard grammar of 1953. It attracted initial criticism as unhistorical and artificial; some spellings fail to represent the pronunciation of some dialects, while others preserve letters unpronounced in any dialect. The result was the 2017 update of An Caighdeán Oifigiúil.