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Canadian aircraft pilot licensing

Pilot licensing in Canada is administered by Transport Canada under the Aeronautics Act and the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs). Other than when flying a hang glider or paraglider, a person may only operate a Canadian registered aircraft or act as a flight crew member in Canada with a licence or permit issued by Transport Canada. At the end of 2008 there were 64,932 Canadian licences and permits held, giving Canada the second largest population of licensed pilots in the world. The first Canadian private pilot's licence was issued to James Stanley Scott on January 24, 1920, and the first Canadian transport licence was issued to Douglas G. Joy on April 1, 1939.

The ultra light pilot permit allows the holder to fly an ultra light aircraft in accordance with day VFR. A passenger may not be carried without a passenger carrying endorsement. The ultra light pilot permit is endorsed with a blanket type rating for all models of ultra light aeroplanes. Transport Canada defines two general categories of ultra light aeroplane. The operating and flight rules for basic ultra light aeroplanes (BULA) does not allow any passenger carrying. The advanced ultra light aeroplane (AULA) has stricter design requirements and includes passenger carrying if the pilot has an ultra light pilot permit endorsed with the Passenger carrying—ultra light aeroplane rating. Holders of this permit may also fly certified or homebuilt aeroplanes that meet the weight and stall speed requirements of an ultra light aeroplane. Aircraft other than aeroplanes also fall under the general classification of ultra light, in particular powered parachutes and powered paragliders. In such cases, the ultra light pilot permit is restricted to the type used by the student for training and qualification. This permit allows a person to fly as pilot of an aeroplane. Either the landplane or seaplane aeroplane class rating is included, depending on which type of aeroplane is used in the training for this permit and the appropriate rating is issued with the recreational pilot permit—aeroplane. This permit can be endorsed with either the seaplane or landplane class rating. Due to concerns within Transport Canada about the safety of a 25 hour permit to fly helicopters, the standards to establish this permit were never instituted and the permit is therefore not currently available. Transport Canada has indicated a desire to rescind this permit from the CARs.

The glider pilot licence allows the holder to fly as pilot of a glider, under day VFR. The glider pilot licence is endorsed in the student's flight log by a flight test examiner or flight instructor for the type of launch method used during training. The licence is only valid for those methods of launch for which the glider pilot has been endorsed. The balloon pilot licence is endorsed, in the student's flight log, by a flight test examiner or flight instructor for the type of inflation method used during training. A pilot with this licence cannot work for "hire or reward", although reimbursement for some costs such as fuel is permitted. A pilot with this licence may also act as a pilot of an ultra light aeroplane. There is no blanket type rating for helicopter aircraft types and a type rating must be earned for each type of helicopter. A helicopter type rating for the specific helicopter used during training is issued with the private pilot licence—helicopter. The commercial pilot licence—aeroplane includes more advanced piloting knowledge, skill and experience than the private pilot licence—aeroplane. A private pilot licence—aeroplane is a prerequisite to earning a commercial pilot licence—aeroplane. A commercial pilot licence—aeroplane is in turn a prerequisite to earning an airline transport pilot licence—aeroplane or any class of flight instructor—aeroplane rating. The privileges of the ultra light pilot permit, private pilot licence—aeroplane, and VFR Over the Top rating and night flying are included in this licence. The commercial pilot licence—helicopter involves more advanced piloting knowledge, skill and experience than the private pilot licence—helicopter. A private pilot licence—helicopter is not a prerequisite to earning a commercial pilot licence—helicopter, however, the requirements for knowledge and experience are greater. A commercial pilot licence—helicopter is a prerequisite to earning an airline transport pilot licence—helicopter or any class of flight instructor—helicopter rating. The privileges of the private pilot licence—helicopter are included in this licence. The airline transport pilot licence—aeroplane involves more advanced piloting knowledge, skill and experience than the commercial pilot licence—aeroplane. A commercial pilot licence—aeroplane, multi engine rating and a Group 1 instrument rating are prerequisites for the airline transport pilot licence—aeroplane. The privileges of the ultra light pilot permit, private pilot licence—aeroplane and commercial pilot licence—aeroplane are included. The airline transport pilot licence—helicopter involves more advanced piloting knowledge, skill and experience than the commercial pilot licence—helicopter. A commercial pilot licence—helicopter is a prerequisite to the airline transport pilot licence—helicopter. The privileges of the private pilot licence—helicopter and commercial pilot licence—helicopter are included. The flight engineer licence allows the holder to be an aeroplane flight engineer. Generally, this will be on a large transport aircraft. Being a pilot is not a prerequisite to earning a flight engineer licence, though many flight engineers do hold a commercial pilot licence—aeroplane or airline transport pilot licence. While either class may be used to fly as a commercial drone pilot, only the advanced certification allows for flight within controlled airspace (with prior approval from Nav Canada) and within 100 feet (30 metres) of bystanders. Visual flight rules are observed by both classes, with a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) with a "BVLOS" (beyond visual line of sight) endorsement being required to fly beyond visual line of sight. Special Flight Operations Certificates may be applied for by UAV pilots who wish to fly under circumstances outside of CARs rules for basic and advanced operations.

There is no aerobatic rating for pilots to carry out aerobatics in Canada, although there are ratings for instructors to teach students aerobatics on aeroplanes and gliders. Prior to carrying passengers for the purpose of conducting aerobatics, pilots must first learn to fly aerobatic maneuvers. Pilots in Canada may learn aerobatics in one of two ways: pilots may spend 20 hours of flight time learning aerobatics on their own or pilots may fly 10 hours with a licensed Class 1 or Class 2 Aerobatic Instructor.

As of 1 December 2006 Canadian pilots who hold certain pilot licences are able to convert those licences into FAA Certificates with greater ease than in the past. Similarly, American pilots who hold certain pilot certificates are able to convert those certificates into Canadian licences.