Кеторолак: Қабынуға қарсы және Ауырсық басуға қарсы Дәрi

Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID; analgesic)

Ketorolac, sold under the brand name Toradol among others, is a nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain. It is used by mouth, by nose, by injection into a vein or muscle, and as eye drops. Effects begin within an hour and last for up to eight hours. Ketorolac was patented in 1976 and approved for medical use in 1989. It is available as a generic medication. Due to a series of deaths due to gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney failure, ketorolac as a pain medication was removed from the German market in 1993. When ketorolac was introduced into Germany, it was often mis used as an opioid replacement in pain therapy because its side effects were perceived as much less severe, it did not produce any dependence, and a dose was effective for 7–8 hours compared to morphine with 3–4 hours. As a very potent prostaglandin inhibitor, ketorolac diminishes the kidney's own defenses against vasoconstriction related effects, e. g. during blood loss or high endogenous catecholamine levels.

Ketorolac is used for short term management of moderate to severe pain. due to its potential to cause kidney damage. Ketorolac is also an adjuvant to opioid medications and improves pain relief. It is also used to treat dysmenorrhea. For systemic use, ketorolac can be administered orally, under the tongue, by intramuscular injection, intravenously, and by nasal spray. and is effective in treating ocular itching. There is not enough evidence to decide that non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs help in preventing cystoid macular edema. Ketorolac eye drops have also been used to manage pain from corneal abrasions. During treatment with ketorolac, clinicians monitor for the manifestation of adverse effects. Lab tests, such as liver function tests, bleeding time, BUN, serum creatinine and electrolyte levels are often used and help to identify potential complications.

Ketorolac is contraindicated in those with hypersensitivity, allergies to the medication, cross sensitivity to other NSAIDs, prior to surgery, history of peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, alcohol intolerance, renal impairment, cerebrovascular bleeding, nasal polyps, angioedema, and asthma.

Ketorolac can interact with other medications. Probenecid can increase the probability of having an adverse reaction when taken with ketorolac. Pentoxifylline can increase the risk of bleeding. When aspirin is taken at the same time as ketorolac, the effectiveness is decreased. Problematic GI effects are additive and become more likely if potassium supplements, aspirin, other NSAIDs, corticosteroids, or alcohol is taken at the same time. The effectiveness of antihypertensives and diuretics can be lowered. The use of ketorolac can increase serum lithium levels to the point of toxicity. Toxicity to methotrexate is more likely if ketorolac is taken at the same time. The risk of bleeding increases with the concurrent medications clopidogrel, cefoperazone, valproic acid, cefotetan, eptifibatide, tirofiban, and ticlopidine. Anticoagulants and thrombolytic medications also increase the likelihood of bleeding. Medications used to treat cancer can interact with ketorolac along with radiation therapy. The risk of toxicity to the kidneys increases when ketorolac is taken with cyclosporine. The primary mechanism of action responsible for ketorolac's anti inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects is the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by competitive blocking of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Ketorolac is a non selective COX inhibitor. It is considered a first generation NSAID. around 2006, which is currently licensed by Allergan, Inc. In 2007, there were concerns about the high incidence of reported side effects. This led to restriction in its dosage and maximum duration of use. In the UK, treatment was initiated only in a hospital, although this was not designed to exclude its use in prehospital care and mountain rescue settings. Concerns over the high incidence of reported side effects with ketorolac trometamol led to its withdrawal (apart from the ophthalmic formulation) in several countries, while in others its permitted dosage and maximum duration of treatment have been reduced. From 1990 to 1993, 97 reactions with a fatal outcome were reported worldwide. The eye drop formulation was approved by the FDA in 1992. An intranasal formulation (Sprix) was approved by the FDA in 2010 for short term management of moderate to moderately severe pain requiring analgesia at the opioid level. Ketorolac has also been used in collegiate and professional sports, and is reported to be routinely used in the National Football League and National Hockey League. Competitive athletes, particularly in contact sports, are often expected by their coaches and/or teammates to play through injuries, generally with the help of painkillers. However, more recent research has indicated that encouraging players to play in an injured state tends to result in more severe injuries. A lawsuit alleging widespread league sanctioned abuse of painkillers was filed by former players against the National Football League in 2017.