Төрт ойыншылы шахмат түрлері

Family of chess variants specially designed for four players
the popular four player chess variant played on two boards

Four player chess (also known as four handed chess) is a family of chess variants played with four people. The game features a special board typically made of a standard 8×8 square, with 3 rows of 8 cells each extending from each side, and requires two sets of differently colored pieces. The rules are similar to, but not the same as, regular chess. There are a variety of different rule variations; most variations, however, share a somewhat similar board and piece setup. Variations of four handed chess have been around for centuries. The modern game has been around for over 200 years, popping up in different places in Europe. Historically, the Four Handed Chess Club, which was founded by George Hope Lloyd Verney in 1884 in London, is the most well regarded iteration. Currently, it can be played online, or bought commercially to be played in person. Gameplay can be in teams, typically with the two partners across from each other. It can also be free for all, with each of the players trying to gain a decisive advantage, with no set alliances. Free for all can be played for points, or till the first checkmate. Table talk, such as move suggestions, is not allowed under the FFA rules; players must decide for themselves who, when, or how to attack.

According to D. B. Pritchard, four player chess "is generally understood to be a game played with two sets on a standard board with four extensions, one on each side, usually of 8×3 squares (arguably the best arrangement) but sometimes 8×2 or 8×4, on which the pieces are set up in the normal array positions."

The Taḥqīq mā li l hind min maqūlah maqbūlah fī al ʿaql aw mardhūlah (c. 1030) of al Biruni, an encyclopedia of Indian culture, contains a description of chaturaji, a four player chess like game played with dice, which al Biruni claims was unknown among the Arabs of his time. Either a four sided rectangular die or a six sided cubic die was rolled to determine which type of piece (king, elephant, horse, boat, pawn) was to be moved on a given turn. This game had unusual longevity by chess variant standards, as it was still played in its original form in the 15th century, and a version of the game without dice was still played in India in 1900, according to a contemporary article in the British Chess Magazine. While chaturaji never spread outside of India, possibly due to Islamic laws against gambling, a (likely coincidentally) similar game known as Four Seasons Chess was played in 13th century Spain which was notable enough to be included in Libro de los Juegos. The earliest known mention of four player chess in its modern form is a pamphlet from Dessau, Germany, in 1784. William Coxe also wrote that same year that a four player chess game, possibly fortress chess, was played in Russia at the time. It is possible that one of these games inspired the other, and likely that one or both of them were inspired by Filippo Marinelli's three player chess game invented in Italy in 1722. Four handed Chess, as it was called, grew in popularity throughout the 19th century, with variations of the game appearing in Germany, Britain and the United States, among others. George Hope Lloyd Verney, a pivotal figure in the game's history, was first introduced to it by Horatia Nelson. In the letter he made a point that he would continue to make during his frequent advocacy of the game, that being that four player chess is quite distinct from standard chess due to the latter being more scientific in nature and the former being more casual due to its heightened complexity, and that both games were enjoyed for completely different reasons despite their common heritage. This letter was inserted in the September 22nd 1881 issue of the Times, and as a result Verney received many personal queries about the game. Verney also founded a Four handed Chess Club in London in 1884. It was somewhat well known in London, and it had eighty people attend its inaugural meeting. However, the figure most commonly associated with the game is Vladimir Lenin. Lenin is said to have played the game passionately with his family, including Anna Ulyanova, in his youth. The table survived Lenin's arrest in 1895, and ended up in the hands of Ulyanova the year after. In 1900, the table was replaced after Mark Yelizarov came up with a new idea for storing documents, that being a secret drawer within the table. This new table survived many police searches without suspicion, keeping documents safe for Lenin, his family and his allies right up until the February Revolution. While they maintained the layout of the variants of previous centuries, most of these games were marketed as FFA games, ditching the historically preferred teams format. The game remained relatively obscure throughout the century, appealing almost exclusively to casual players. In 2016, a university student named John Flickinger created a chess website named Hello Chess that was focused towards FFA four player chess and general casual chess play. The website was successful enough to attract the attention of Erik Allebest, the co founder and CEO of Chess. com, who wanted to port the game to his site. During the summer of 2017, Flickinger, who was brought on board by Allebest, worked alongside various other developers to bring the game to Chess. com. During development, Jay Severson, the other co founder and CTO of Chess. com, came up with the idea of winning via a points system rather than via being the last player left. This idea was implemented and the game was officially released on October 28, 2016, being given its own section of the site. GM Hikaru Nakamura has played the game numerous times in live streams, often alongside prominent figures like Levy Rozman, Alexandra Botez and GM Anish Giri. A FFA 4 Player Chess Championship has been hosted and funded by Chess. com annually since 2019. In 2023, the Championship split into two separate "Original Solo" and "Standard FFA" Championships, with each having a slightly different ruleset and starting position. The most recent (2023) winners are Delan Lara (Original Solo) and Carlos Tadeo (Standard FFA).

Piece movement and captures remain the same as regular chess. A board made of a standard 8×8 square with an additional 3 rows of 8 cells extending from each side is what is typically used for Four player chess. Variants vary as to where the king and queen are placed; this doesn't matter for casual play. Otherwise, pieces are set up like regular chess. Rules vary, in teams, as to how to deal with partners' pawns when they run into each other. This happens sometimes because everybody moves in the forward direction, as in regular chess. When this happens for the Chess. com variant, the pawns are blocked, while some variants historically allowed pawns to jump over each other if this happened. Players are of course free to change all rules to their convenience (see the rules section in the links tab for different variations of the rules).

In teams, the goal is to checkmate one of the opposing players. You work with your opposite, and can suggest moves with arrows. This time, queen promotion is on the eleventh rank. On chess. com you functionally have two armies, you and your opposite, with the exception that you are the only one that can move your army, and vice versa. Players are checkmated on their turn. This means that, theoretically, their opposite can block the checkmate, in some cases.

In FFA, if players don't wish to record points, they can alternatively play to the first person checkmated, or the last person standing. They can also, instead of playing for checkmate, make it so that a player instead has to capture the king, like any other piece. In Teams, table talk is historically not allowed in in person play. Players can play until a player is checkmated, or they can make it so that both teammates need to be checkmated. There are many different variations of these rules, including whether the board should be 8×2 or 8×3, or where the king and queen should be. All laws of ordinary chess which are not contradicted by the following rules, hold also in four handed chess. A game is not won unless both opponents are checkmated or resign. If one player is checkmated and the other stalemated, the game is drawn. If one player is stalemated and the other is free to move, the former simply loses his move and the game continues. When one player is checkmated, the others continue to move in the same order as before, but he loses his move. His pieces merely occupy and block up the squares upon which they stand; they can neither be taken nor moved over so long as the mate continues. His opponents’ Kings can disregard the check of his pieces and even occupy an adjacent square to the mated King, as long as they do not allow the king to get out of check. When a player is checkmated his partner may stop the mate by taking one of the mating pieces, inducing it to move, interposing one of his own pieces, or mating one of his opponents whose pieces are necessary to the checkmate. In the latter case he must mate with his pieces alone, since his partner's pieces are inert. A checkmated player also regains the right to move if his opponents themselves raise the checkmate, and they can do so provided neither of their kings are in check of his pieces. When the mate is relieved, the mated player's pieces at once become liable to capture and able to give check, and he resumes play as soon as his turn comes round. No player can so move as to cause check to be given either to his own or to his partner's King; and if he cannot escape a check to his own King without causing check to his partner's, he is mated. When a pawn is prevented from moving by one of the partner's pawns being on the square immediately in front of it, it can, as a move, hop over that pawn to the square behind it if that square be unoccupied. A pawn becomes a Queen, or another piece at option of the player, when it reaches the back row of squares (i. e. the row originally occupied by the opponent's pieces) of one of the opponents. When a pawn reaches the back row of their partner, their motion is reversed and is the same as that of their partner's pawns.

For teams, players attempt to coordinate their attacks with their opposite. If this is not possible, then players should attempt to play strong moves, developing their pieces to preemptively prevent typically double attacks from their opponents and put their pieces in strong positions to be able to coordinate attacks with their opposite. It is wise to play openings, such as (for the first player) moving the king's pawn up one, which shields against double attacks, checks, and develop strong pieces. In FFA, it is wise to be more cautious, developing pieces and improving king safety. Trades should only be done when they are beneficial, because, when there are four people, this weakens the traders compared to the other players. Bishops are about as strong as rooks, and both are stronger than knights. The queen is the strongest piece. One should try to develop their pieces and protect their king. In addition, players should try to avoid opening themselves up to attacks. For example, if the player to the left attacks them, then the player across from them or the player to their right can attack them as well, guaranteeing loss of material. Likewise, players should often look for ways to attack players that allow other players to join in.