Эфиопияның Аващ өзені

Major river in Ethiopia

The Awash (sometimes spelled Awaash; Oromo: Awaash OR Hawaas, Amharic: ዐዋሽ, Afar: Hawaash We'ayot, Somali: Webiga Dir) is a major river of Ethiopia. Its course is entirely contained within the boundaries of Ethiopia and empties into a chain of interconnected lakes that begin with Lake Gargori and end with Lake Abbe (or Abhe Bad) on the border with Djibouti, some 100 kilometres (60 or 70 miles) from the head of the Gulf of Tadjoura. It is the principal stream of an endorheic drainage basin covering parts of the Amhara, Oromia and Somali Regions, as well as the southern half of the Afar Region. The Awash Valley (and especially the Middle Awash) is internationally famous for its high density of hominin fossils, offering unparalleled insight into the early evolution of humans. "Lucy", one of the most famous early hominin fossils, was discovered in the lower Awash Valley. Frank Richardson Cana, in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article Abyssinia, describes its middle portion as "a copious stream nearly 200 feet (61 m) wide and 4 feet (1 m) deep in the dry season, and during the floods rising above low water mark, thus inundating the plains for many miles along both its banks." Other tributaries of the Awash include (in order upstream): the Logiya, Mille, Borkana, Ataye, Hawadi, Kabenna and Durkham Rivers. Towns and cities along its course include Metehara, Awash, Gewane and Asaita.

Humans have lived in the valley of the Awash almost since the beginning of the species. Numerous pre human hominid remains have been found in the Middle Awash. The remains found in the Awash Valley date from the late Miocene, Pliocene, and early Pleistocene (roughly 5.6 2.5 million years ago), and include fossils of many Australopithecines, including "Lucy", the most famous individual Australopithecus. The valley of the Awash have been included as part of the Fatagar, Ifat, and Shewa. According to Huntingford, in the 16th century the Awash river was called the great Dir river and lay in the country of the Muslims. The first European to trace the course of the Awash to its end in the Aussa oasis was Wilfred Thesiger in 1933/1934, who started at the city of Awash, followed the river's course to its final end in Lake Abhebad, and continued his expedition east to Tadjoura. (Although the explorer L. M. Nesbitt had followed parts of the course of the Awash in 1928, he turned away from the river at Asaita and proceeded north through the Afar Depression to the Red Sea.) In 1960, the Koka Dam was completed across the Awash River at a point around from Addis Ababa. With its opening, it became a major source of hydroelectric power in the area. The resulting freshwater lake, Lake Gelila (also known as the Koka Reservoir), has an area of about Both lake and dam are threatened by increasing sedimentation. The Awash International Bank is named for the Awash River.

The climate of the Awash River Basin is mostly influenced by the movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). During its movement northwards in March/April and its retreat southwards, ITCZ creates two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March ('Belg'), and a longer one between June and September ('Kiremt'), which partly fall into one longer rainy season. The rainy season tends to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia and almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. The time between October and March is a dry season, called 'Bega'. Semi arid to arid conditions prevail in the Rift Valley. In contrast, the highlands partly receive more than of rainfall in ca. six months per year.

Groundwater recharge varies between values exceeding per year in the upper highlands and no recharge at the bottom of the rift valley. Groundwater is predominantly recharged at the escarpments and highlands above 1,900 m a. s. l., Artificial groundwater recharge takes further place at irrigated plantations at the rift valley. The basin's vegetation has a strong anthropogenic impact. Thereby the scattered tree cover remained similar to the primary state of the savannas, while the grass layer has been replaced by crops. Only highest altitudes still show connected woodlands. Partly reforestation was carried out on not cultivable altitudes with secondary coniferous forests. The cultivated crops are (endemic) teff, maize, sorghum, beans and vegetables.

The lower Awash valley is one of the last wildlife preserves for the African wild ass. The mammal is now extinct in Yangudi Rassa National Park, but still found in the adjacent Mille Serdo Wildlife Reserve. Other large animals native to the area include Beisa Oryx, Soemmering's gazelle, Dorcas gazelle, gerenuk and Grevy's zebra. Crocodiles also flourish within the river.