Филиппин тілі: Канканаей тілінің сипаттамасы

Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Kankanaey (also spelled Kankana ey) is a South Central Cordilleran language under the Austronesian family spoken on the island of Luzon in the Philippines primarily by the Kankanaey people. Alternate names for the language include Central Kankanaey, Kankanai, and Kankanay. It is widely used by Cordillerans, alongside Ilocano, specifically people from Mountain Province and people from the northern part of the Benguet Province. Kankanaey has a slight mutual intelligibility with the Ilocano language.

Ethnologue lists Mankayan Buguias, Kapangan, Bakun Kibungan, and Guinzadan as dialects of Kankanaey. Northern Kankanaey is listed as a separate language. Kankanaey is spoken in northern Benguet, southwestern Mountain Province, southeastern Ilocos Sur, northeastern La Union, and southwestern Ifugao. Northern Kankanaey is spoken in western Mountain Province, southeastern Ilocos Sur, and southern Abra.

Action roots point out an activity by a living and sometimes intentional participant. Some action roots indicate the direction of that action with respect to another participant; others denote a participant as involved with the action but not the end receiver. Rather than having the action root modified, Kankanaey roots are very specific as to what the action is. Many roots indicate the receiver of the action.

Many Kankanaey affixes are normal prefixes that come directly before the root such as the ka in katokdo, "seat mate," from tokdo. A lot of reduplicative affixation is used before the prefixation such as the CV and na in nabebeteng, 'was drunk', from beteng, 'drunk'. However, some CVC reduplication is applied after the prefix is added to the beginning of the stem such as the ma and CVC in magmageyek, 'ticklish', from geyek, 'to tickle'. Some roots lose their first vowel when they are prefixed such as the e in ʡemis, 'sweet, tasty', when prefixed to mamʡis, 'sweet, tasty'. This is because the glottal metathesizes with the second consonant under phonological constraints. If the root is one syllable or if it is vowel reduced, then the reduplication is applied after the predicative affixation such as the ma and CVC in matmatey, 'dying', from tey, 'dead'.

According to Allen, Janet's Kankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis, only "two predicating affixes are suffixes, en and an. Some roots drop their last vowel when suffixed, as in datngan (come upon, find) from dateng (arrive)." Pinmanapanakpak, 'was repeatedly hitting/slapping', is formed by first reduplicating the word panakpak, 'hit with slapping sound', into panapanakpak, and then the predicating infixation and aspect infixation are added. This is because reduplication usually precedes both the predicating infixation and aspect infixation. However, in this example, vowel reduction occurred when the infixes were added before the vowel, causing the infixes in and om to become inm When forming binombomtak, 'were exploding', from betak, 'explode', the reducible vowel and reduplication steps were re ordered so no vowel reduction was experienced. + Examples taken from Allen, Janet's Kankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis. Original (and meaning)CircumfixCircumfixed version (and meaning)ila ('to see')ka anka ila an ('appearance')oto ('to cook')i ani oto an ('to cook for someone')

The Kankanaey vocabulary is arranged by root morphemes, and points out the important semantic properties of each root. Kankanaey roots deeply rely on the combination with their affixes to determine their meaning in phrases and clauses. The predicates that form are determined by the interaction of the affixation to the semantic properties of the root that are relevant in its context. Aktionsart is a way to categorize event semantics, proposed by Vendler (1967), by if they are "happening" or are static, and it distinguishes them by their temporal properties and its dynamicity. According to Allen, Janet's Kankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis, "VVLP (1997) and Van Valin (2005) expanded the list of categories to reflect resultant situations, adding semelfactives and complex predicates–active accomplishments and causatives."