Эррол: Шотландияның тарихы мен географиясы

Errol is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland about halfway between Dundee and Perth. It is one of the principal settlements of the Carse of Gowrie. It lies just north of the River Tay. The 2016 population of Errol was estimated to be 1,500 persons, compared to 1,070 in the 2001 Census. Errol village is in the Carse and Gowrie electoral ward of the Perthshire North Scottish parliamentary constituency and in the Tayside Health Board area. Errol is twinned with Mardié, a village on the Loire near Orléans in France. Errol is surrounded by agricultural flat fields and has a prominent attractive location above the Firth of Tay within this setting. Errol is known for its reeds, which used to be collected up to a few years ago to make thatched roofs. These reeds grow in the banks of the River Tay and act as home to a fairly uncommon bird called the bearded tit. Errol has a large church, built in 1831, known as the "Cathedral of The Carse" which can be seen from most parts of the village and from far around. Errol lies on the National Cycle Network NCN 77 from Dundee to Pitlochry and is situated about 1 mile (2 km) from the A90 Perth to Dundee Road. This makes it popular for people who commute to work.

People have lived in and around Errol from prehistoric times. A ring ditch east of Mains of Errol is thought to be the remains of timber roundhouse visible as cropmarks on aerial images. At Hill of Errol aerial images suggest a settlement, with a rectangular building, souterrain and pits. At Clashbenny there is a standing stone of Neolithic or Bronze Age.

Errol Parish can be dated back to the creation of a barony by William the Lion granted to the Hay family in the twelfth century. A descendant, in James II's reign, was created Earl of Errol. The oldest surviving parish register of births and marriages in Scotland is for Errol parish and dates from 1553; it is a relatively complete record to 1855. Errol is mentioned as 'Arroll' in William Camden's Chorographicall Description published in 1607 and on Gerhard Mercator's Scotiae Regnum maps published in 1595. In 1689, following the Glorious Revolution, Government troops arrived in Errol; the minister Dr John Nicolson would not recognise the new government and the religious settlement, which resulted in him being deprived of his parish in 1691 despite faithfully discharging his duties. William Herdman, assistant to the parish minister, wrote an extensive entry in the Statistical Account dated 1791 which details agricultural changes which took place in the mid eighteenth century, including the wide variety of crops grown and rentals paid. The land was productive and grain grown was sent to Perth, Dundee, and 'large quantities' exported from Port Allen by sea to Leith and to Glasgow via 'the canal'. The entry for Errol Parish in the New Statistical Account was written by the minister the Rev. James Grierson and dated December 1837. The total number of households in 1951 was 591. Groome's Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland (1882 4) described Errol as inhabited 'mainly by weavers and operatives'; it had a post office, a branch of the Union Bank, two inns, a gasworks, two schools, a reading room and a library. Fairs were held on the last Wednesday of July and the Saturday after the first Friday of October. The water supply for Errol was poor until 1897 when a supply was obtained from moorland above Fingask at a cost of £9,000 paid by Sir William Ogilvy Dalgleish of Errol Park. To mark this achievement, a Red Dumfries sandstone market cross with granite basins and a carved lion's head fountain topped with a Unicorn was erected, with commemorative panels, in 1900. A local landowner and farmer was the biological scientist Patrick Matthew (1790 1874) who planted a large orchard at Gourdiehill, Grange, Errol. A former student of Edinburgh University, he made scientific observations of his orchards and wrote On Naval Timber and Arboriculture in 1831 which included early descriptions of a process of natural selection. He is credited with being the first person to bring Giant Redwood seeds to the UK. The Patrick Matthew Trail was created in his memory.

The lands of Errol passed from the Hays to Sir Patrick Ogilvie in 1648 when the estate was said to have been lost in a gambling debt. Sir Thomas Blair of Balthaycock owned it in 1652 and by 1741 George Middleton, a London banker, lived there. He is thought to have built a residence in 1745, which can be seen with parklands on the Roy map of 1747–1755, but this was destroyed by fire in 1874. The Allen family sold Errol Park in 1873 to Francis Molison who asked architect Alexander Johnston of Dundee to design a new house. Elizabeth Frances Molison inherited Errol Park in 1877; she was married to William Ogilvy Dalgleish. Elizabeth was the granddaughter of William Baxter, jute and flax manufacturer, and became a philanthropist funding initiatives concerning young women, education and the visually impaired. Brigadier General J D Heriot Maitland, who was known as Hamish and served in the Rifle Brigade in the First World War, inherited Errol Park unexpectedly from his third cousin William Dalgleish. The current custodian is Jamie Heriot Maitland, Hamish's great grandson.

The old churchyard, in School Wynd, was the original site of the parish church in the 1600s; a 17th century tomb chest of Alexander Omay in the graveyard is dated 1639. Herdman refers to a parish church built in 1765. The parish churchyard has a number of pre 1800 gravestones with carved emblems. In the 1840s there were also places of worship for the United Secession Church, the Free Church of Scotland, and the Relief Church. In 1796 7 a number of the parish church members left and formed a Relief Church congregation. The parish minister left at the Disruption of 1843 along with many of his congregation and used the Relief Church for a few months until their church was ready. It is therefore likely Errol had its first school in the 1700s. Herdman noted the parish of Errol had a school and schoolmaster in 1791. It opened in 1856 and the first teacher was Miss Euphemia Pugh. A commemorative panel on the former school house reads 'This Building for a Female Industrial School was erected through the Exertions of the Rev. John Caird minister of the Parish of Errol aided by many friends.' John Caird was minister or Errol from 1849 to 1857 and went on to become a noted theologian, professor at and then principal of the University of Glasgow. Errol Female Industrial School records exist from 1857 to 1914. Lady Elizabeth Ogilvy Dalgleish was secretary to the ladies’ committee for thirty years. The Education (Scotland) Act 1872 placed local control and funding of schools in the hands of school boards. The local authority School Board building in Station Road is estimated to have been built around 1925, although the O. S. map from 1898 shows a school on this site. The main building was added to in the post 1944 Act period by a number of HORSA huts to meet accommodation needs following raising of the compulsory education age to 15 years. In the 1960s these huts accommodated the kitchen and dining facilities as well as classrooms. In the mid 1970s the secondary education department closed and secondary pupils travelled to Perth.

Port Allen has been known by different names including Miln of Errol, Errol Pow and Harbour of Errol. It was granted a charter in 1662 and had its own meal mill, replaced with a horsemill by the 1870s. It is estimated around 200 people lived there in 1700s. The piers at Port Allen were associated with a toll house and an Inn (now a farmhouse). Herdman noted in 1791 that large quantities of grain were shipped from this port. The O. S. six inch first edition map of 1861 shows a pier and pier crane associated with the port, and water driven corn and barley mill with a dam and lead.

The pioneer Scottish aviator Preston Watson is associated with the early days of the airfield in the 1900s, which is located on flat land between Errol village and the hamlet of the Grange. After the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the Ministry of Defence requisitioned the land from local farmers and the aerodrome opened as an RAF station for training pilots on 1 August 1942. Errol aerodrome was in military use until the summer of 1948; material was brought in by transport planes with loading and unloading carried out by German prisoners of war held in camps nearby. From the late 1940s Errol was proposed as an airport but met with objections and the airfield was sold in 1961. The main runway continues to be used for aviation.

It is thought a clay works of some kind has operated at Errol for centuries; using local alluvial clay to make bricks was introduced by the Romans and revived in the sixteenth century. The site features two Beehive kilns, which are the only remaining examples of their kind in Scotland, and are category B listed. From the 1870s it was operated by the Pitfour Patent Brick and Tile Co., and from 1910 by A. Fraser Ltd. of Anniston Brickworks, Angus, until 1990. It was reopened in 1994 by Errol Brick, but was mothballed in March 2008. The line took a direct route and thus the station is north of the village at a separate hamlet. The first station master was Thomas Jagger and the last left Errol in 1976; the station finally closed on 28 September 1985. The station is B listed and was sold to Errol Station Trust and opened as The Railway Heritage Centre in May 1990, winning the Railway Preservation Societies/Ian Allan Premier Award for Best Preserved Station in Britain that same year. It also has a scenic farm track to walk or bike down, right beside the beautiful River Tay. While walking down the track you will find a rope swing which almost swings over the river. It is perfect for walking dogs. Errol Park house and gardens is currently used as a wedding venue and filming location. Errol Estate is an agricultural enterprise around the village of Errol extending to around 3,500 acres of productive farmland and woodland adjacent to the River Tay estuary. It is operated by Errol Enterprises Ltd (EEL). The main runway of Errol Aerodrome is used for commercial and recreational aviation and the surroundings for drone flying. The Morris Leslie group also hold auctions at the former airfield. Errol School is a primary school with eight primary classes and a large nursery class; it was last extended in April 2017 to cope with increased numbers of pupils. Errol has two general grocery shops; other local amenities include a chip shop, a pub, a community centre, a pharmacy and a hairdresser. The post office closed in 2023, after the owners retired. The local winery Cairn O'Mohr has won many awards for its wines made from local produce such as oak sap, rhubarb and brambles and is situated on the same farmyard at East Inchmichael Farm as Gillies & Mackay Ltd, a local shed company. The paths in the path network around Errol are many and varied, with the most popular for leisure use probably being the Gas Brae path down to the river and the reed beds. Some of these paths belong to the Perth & Kinross Council Core Path Network. Maintenance is carried out by a combination of individual volunteers, the local land owners such as Errol Park, and an organisation called Carse of Gowrie Group (CoGG). Expansion of the path network (as of 2020) remains an aspiration by the community. On 27 April 2020, during a prolonged dry spell of weather, the River Tay reed beds at Errol caught fire and almost 2 mile (3 km) of reeds were lost destroying the nests of rare bearded tits and marsh harriers. A local pilot dropped 77,000 litres of water from the river on the heart of the fire in an operation involving nine appliances directed by the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service.