Тамил халқының ас әдеттері

Culinary traditions of the Tamil people

Tamil cuisine is a culinary style of Tamil people originating in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and neighboring Sri Lanka. Meats, along with rice, legumes, and lentils, are also popular. Dairy products and tamarind are used to provide sour flavors. On special occasions, traditional Tamil dishes are served in a traditional manner, using banana leaves in place of utensils. After eating, the banana leaves are then used as a secondary food for cattle. A typical breakfast meal consists of idli or dosa with chutney. Lunch includes rice, sambar, curd, kuzhambu, and rasam.

Saappadu (a typical meal), along with other Tamil dishes are served on a banana leaf vaazhai illai, which adds flavor. Coffee and tea are the staple drinks. Payasam, a popular dessert, is usually eaten at the end of the meal. "Virundhu" refers to the core elements of Tamil cuisine offered to the guests on special occasions such as festivals and marriage ceremony. Rice staples, tomato rice, Paruppu, sambar, rasam, kuzhambu, poriyal and koottu are added with buttermilk or curd to prepare pachadi. Dry and fresh fruits or vegetables are also used to prepare traditional cuisine. They serve salt, pickles, vada, payasam and appalam. After the meal, a banana and a betel leaf (paan) with areca nuts and limestone paste are served to promote digestion. Before eating traditional cuisine, people clean the banana leaf with water. It is used as a large dining table sheet to serve food for guests and family members on which the food items are placed. Rice is served on one part of the banana leaf (towards the eater), whereas poriyal, appalam and other items are served on the other part of the leaf.

Each area where Tamils have lived has developed its own distinct variant of the common dishes. The four divisions of ancient Tamilakam prepare their unique Tamil cuisine.

The cuisine of the Chola Nadu region specializes in several dishes such as sevai and other varieties associated with different sauces like chutney. The most common dishes are from Chidambaram. Kumbakonam is famous for its filter coffee. The Thanjavur region is one of the prominent producers of rice based dishes like puliyodharai, sambar sadham, vegetable rice and podi sadham. Millet dishes like kutharai vali dosai are also prepared. Freshwater fish from the area of Thiruchirapalli are famous for their unique taste.

The Chettinad region and its adjoining areas such as Karaikudi are famous for its typical spicy cuisine also known as chettinad cuisine. Dishes like idiyappam, uthappam, paniyaram as well as meat dishes are common in this region. The Madurai region has its own unique dishes such as Muttaiparotta, Paruthipal, Karidosai, Jasmine Idli, Irameen Kuzhambu and it is the place of origin of the milk dessert Jigarthanda. Non vegetarian dishes from Thirunelveli,Madurai and its adjoining areas are one of the most renowned among the South Indians. The Virudhunagar region is famous for the Coin Parotta. Unlike the traditional way of preparation, Coin Parotta is generally deep fried in oil and served with mutton gravy.

Kongu Nadu cuisine was originally prepared in rural areas. Oputtu, Sandahai and Kola urundai are few among the main dishes. Many dishes in Kongu Nadu are based on Coconut and Onions as there is an abundant supply of Coconut, Onions and Groundnuts. Thengai paal jaggery, Ulundu Kali, Kachayam, Arisimparupu sadam, Kelvaragu Puttumavu, Arisi Puttumavu, Paniyaram, Kelvaragu Pakoda, Thengai barbi, Kadalai urundai, Ellu urundai and Pori urundai are among other dishes prepared by Tamil people. Most people living in the region usually consume mutton, chicken, freshwater fishes and quail as the region is landlocked. Arisimparupu sadam is a unique dish. Most common oils are sesame and groundnut oil. Coconut oil is used for main cooking and as well as seasoning in certain Kongu Nadu dishes.

The cuisine of this regions shares similarities with Telugu cuisine due to geographic proximity. Hot and spicy vegetarian and non vegetarian dishes are prepared. Idli, dosai, bhajji, koottu, murukku, vada curry and chicken 65 are common dishes in this region.

Rice is the staple food of most Tamil people. It is generally eaten during lunch and sometimes dinner. Sadham (Tamil word for 'rice') is served along with other food items such as sambar, poriyal, rasam, kootu, Keerai and curd.

Idli is a steamed rice cake prepared with fermented batter or rice and black gram. It is usually served with different kinds of traditional dishes such as chutney, sambhar or vadacurry. Dosa is prepared from a fermented batter and black gram with a small quantity of sambar or chutney. Several varieties like saada dosai, kal dosai, muttai dosai, neer dosai, rava dosai, raagi dosai and paasi paruppu dosai are prominently available in Tamil Nadu. Vadai is a crispy donut shaped spicy dish usually served along with idlis. Pongal is a traditional cuisine where rice is cooked in a paaṉai with water and milk. The word (pongal) directly translates to the action of boiling over the container due to the starch. Paniyaram is a dumpling shaped dish made using dosa batter. Appam is prepared with a fermented batter of rice and black gram mixture. Appam generally has thin corners with a soft and thick center. It is soaked in coconut milk before serving. Uthappam is a dosa based dish that is slightly thick, fluffy, and soft. It can be made from regular idli/dosai batter. Puttu is a steamed, layered, cylindrical cake made from flour or rice. Kozhakkattai is a steamed sweet dumpling made with rice flour. Sevai or idiyappam are rice noodles usually in steamed rice cakes. It is sometimes served soaked in coconut milk. Adai is prepared with a mixture of lentils like raagi. It contains fiber and calcium. It is used as a recipe by the Tamil people.

Sambar is a lentil based vegetable stew or chowder made with tamarind, broth, freshly grounded spices, vegetables and lentils. Chutney varieties consumed by the people are coconut chutney, onion chutney, tomato chutney, coriander chutney, kara chutney, garlic chutney, malaatai chutney puli chutney. Vada curry is a classic dish that is also famous among Chennai people. Thovaiyal is a wet ground paste that contains several ingredients. Sambal is condiment mostly accompanied for rice, string hoppers and hoppers in Tamil parts of Sri Lanka. Sodhi is a coconut milk based dish best made for hoppers and string hoppers in Tamil parts of Sri Lanka and Tirunelveli of Tamil Nadu.

Kaapi is the most popular beverage. Its preparation is generally done with gourmet coffee beans. The preparation of filter coffee is a ritual. Sometimes chicory is added to enhance the aroma. Hot milk with sugar and a small quantity of decoction is then served in a tumbler set, a traditional coffee cup. Koozh is also known as Conjee or (rice conjee) is made with different lentils like raagi. Sharbat is a drink made from fruits or petal flowers. Paanakam is a drink made from lemon juice or tamarind water, jaggery, dried ginger and cardamom.