Мемлекеттік емес актерлер: Әсері мен рөлі

Influential individual or group independent of state governments
A non state actor (NSA) is an individual or organization that has significant political influence but is not allied to any particular country or state. The interests, structure, and influence of NSAs vary widely. For example, among NSAs are non profit organizations, labor unions, non governmental organizations, banks, corporations, media organizations, business magnates, people's liberation movements, lobby groups, religious groups, aid agencies, and violent non state actors such as paramilitary forces.

The proliferation of non state actors since the Cold War ended has been one of the factors leading to the Cobweb Paradigm in international politics. Under this paradigm, the traditional Westphalian nation state experiences an erosion of power and sovereignty, and non state actors are part of the cause. Facilitated by globalization, NSAs challenge nation state borders and sovereignty claims. MNCs are not always sympathetic to national interests but are loyal to the corporation's interests instead. NSAs challenge the nation state's sovereignty over internal matters through advocacy for societal issues, such as human rights and the environment.

Non state actors can aid in opinion building in international affairs, such as the Human Rights Council. Formal international organizations may also rely on non state actors, particularly NGOs in the form of implementing partners in the national context. An example is the contribution of COHRE (Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions), to the protection of land and property (HLP) rights in Kosovo by conceptualizing the Housing and Property Directorate (now Kosovo Property Agency) within the framework of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo. Non state actors are fundamental agents in helping to achieve both national and international development goals, such as those around climate change. Actions by non state actors contribute significantly towards filling the greenhouse gas emissions gap left by unambitious or poorly executed national climate policies, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Another example that shows the importance of non state actors in peace building is the contribution of ICBL (International Campaign to Ban Landmines) to the international prohibition on the use of landmines. ICBL is a global network of NGOs that has operated in over 90 countries since 1992. Its primary goal is to make a world free of anti personnel landmines. Their passionate advertising appealing for global cooperation drew Diana, Princess of Wales to become an ardent advocate. Together, they brought the issue to the United Nations General Assembly. ICBL's efforts led the international community to urge states to ratify the Ottawa Treaty (Mine Ban Treaty) in 1997, and its contribution was recognized and praised as it was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in the same year. Non state actors also have a role in governance. While NSAs are incredibly useful in advancing international peace, monitoring human rights violations, and lobbying for socio political issues like climate change, they also play a role in non traditional governance. Many fragile states rely on non state actors for protection and administration. More traditional methods of governance include local courts and clans, on the other end, non traditional NSA groups govern as paramilitaries or rebel groups. The importance of this is that in the last 20 years non state actors have acquired legal recognition due to their heavy involvement in the international order. Their growing presence as an alternative governmental presence also holds them accountable to international law.