Грек диаспорасы: Тарихы мен таралуы

Diaspora of the Greek people

The Greek diaspora, also known as Omogenia (Ομογένεια), are the communities of Greeks living outside of Greece and Cyprus. Such places historically (dating to the ancient period) include, Albania, North Macedonia, southern Russia, Ukraine, Asia Minor and Pontus (in today's Turkey), Georgia, Egypt, Sudan, southern Italy (the so called "Magna Graecia"), Sicily, Cargèse and Marseille in France. The term also refers to communities established by Greek migration (mostly since the 19th century) outside of the traditional areas; such as in Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Germany, South Africa, Brazil and others. The Greek diaspora population is estimated at 5 million, which when added to the population of Greece (approximately 10 million), it gives a total worldwide Greek population of approximately 15 million.

The Greek diaspora is one of the oldest diasporas in the world, with an attested presence from Homeric times to the present. Examples of its influence range from the role played by Greek expatriates in the emergence of the Renaissance, through liberation and nationalist movements involved in the fall of the Ottoman Empire, to commercial developments such as the commissioning of the world's first supertankers by shipping magnates Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.

In Archaic Greece, the trading and colonizing activities of Greeks from the Balkans and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city states were established in Southern Italy (the so called "Magna Graecia"), northern Libya, eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas. Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt, West Asia, and Northwest India. Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan and Kuwait. Seleucia, Antioch and Alexandria were among the largest cities in the world during Hellenistic and Roman times. Greeks spread across the Roman Empire, and in the eastern territories the Greek language (rather than Latin) became the lingua franca. The Roman Empire was Christianized in the fourth century AD, and during the late Byzantine period the Greek Orthodox form of Christianity became a hallmark of Greek identity.

In the seventh century, Emperor Heraclius adopted Medieval Greek as the official language of the Byzantine Empire. Greeks continued to live around the Levant, Mediterranean and Black Sea, maintaining their identity among local populations as traders, officials, and settlers. Soon afterwards, the Arab Islamic Caliphate seized the Levant, Egypt, North Africa and Sicily from the Byzantine Greeks during the Byzantine–Arab Wars. The Greek populations generally remained in these areas of the Caliphate and helped translate ancient Greek works into Arabic, thus contributing to early Islamic philosophy and science (which, in turn, contributed to Byzantine science).

After the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars, which resulted in the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the Ottoman conquest of Greek lands, many Greeks fled Constantinople (now Istanbul) and found refuge in Italy. They brought ancient Greek writings that had been lost in the West, contributing to the Renaissance. Most of these Greeks settled in Venice, Florence, and Rome.

Between the fall of the Empire of Trebizond to the Ottomans in 1461 and the second Russo Turkish War in 1828–29, thousands of Pontic Greeks migrated (or fled) from the Pontic Alps and eastern Anatolia to Georgia and other southern regions of the Russian Empire, and (later) the Russian province of Kars in the South Caucasus. Many Pontic Greeks fled their homelands in Pontus and northeastern Anatolia and settled in these areas to avoid Ottoman reprisals after supporting the Russian invasions of eastern Anatolia in the Russo Turkish Wars from the late 18th to the early 20th century. Others resettled in search of new opportunities in trade, mining, farming, the church, the military, and the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire.

Greeks spread through many provinces of the Ottoman Empire and took major roles in its economic life, particularly the Phanariots (wealthy Greek merchants who claimed noble Byzantine descent during the second half of the 16th century). The Phanariots helped administer the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century; some settled in present day Romania, influencing its political and cultural life. Other Greeks settled outside the southern Balkans, moving north in service to the Orthodox Church or as a result of population transfers and massacres by Ottoman authorities after Greek rebellions against Ottoman rule or suspected Greek collaboration with Russia in the Russo Turkish wars fought between 1774 and 1878. Greek Macedonia was most affected by the population upheavals, where the large, indigenous Ottoman Muslim population (often including those of Greek convert descent) could form local militias to harass and exact revenge on the Greek speaking Christian Orthodox population; this often forced the inhabitants of rural districts, particularly in the more vulnerable lowland areas, to abandon their homes. A larger scale movement of Greek speaking peoples in the Ottoman period was Pontic Greeks from northeastern Anatolia to Georgia and parts of southern Russia, particularly the province of Kars Oblast in the southern Caucasus after the short lived Russian occupation of Erzerum and the surrounding region during the 1828–29 Russo Turkish War. An estimated one fifth of Pontic Greeks left their homeland in the mountains of northeastern Anatolia in 1829 as refugees, following the Tsarist army as it withdrew back into Russian territory (since many had collaborated with—or fought in—the Russian army against the Muslim Ottomans to regain territory for Christian Orthodoxy). The Pontic Greek refugees who settled in Georgia and the southern Caucasus assimilated with preexisting Caucasus Greek communities. Those who settled in Ukraine and southern Russia became a sizable proportion of cities such as Mariupol, but generally assimilated with Christian Orthodox Russians and continued to serve in the Tsarist army. In 1788, Ali Pasha of Ioannina destroyed Moscopole. This predominantly ethnic Aromanian settlement historically had an important Greek influence. This is why some members of the Aromanian diaspora that settled in places such as Vienna in Austria have been considered as Greeks and part of a Greek diaspora as well.

During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora established the fledgling state, raised funds and awareness abroad and served as senior officers in Russian armies which fought the Ottomans to help liberate Greeks under Ottoman subjugation in Macedonia, Epirus, and Thrace. Greek merchant families had contacts in other countries; during the disturbances, many set up home bases around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno, Calabria and Bari in Italy and Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odesa and St. Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded (typically textiles and grain). Businesses frequently included the extended family, and they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church. As markets changed, some families became shippers (financed through the local Greek community, with the aid of the Ralli or Vagliano Brothers). The diaspora expanded across the Levant, North Africa, India and the US. Many leaders of the Greek struggle for liberation from Ottoman Macedonia and other parts of the southern Balkans with large Greek populations still under Ottoman rule had links to the Greek trading and business families who funded the Greek liberation struggle against the Ottomans and the creation of a Greater Greece. The terrible devastation of the island of Chios in the 1822 massacre caused a great dispersion of the islanders, leading to the creation of a specific Chian diaspora. After the Treaty of Constantinople, the political situation stabilised; some displaced families returned to the newly independent country to become key figures in cultural, educational and political life, especially in Athens. Financial assistance from overseas was channeled through these family ties, providing for institutions such as the National Library and sending relief after natural disasters.

During the 20th century, many Greeks left the traditional homelands for economic and political reasons; this resulted in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, The United Kingdom, New Zealand, Argentina, The United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Germany, Norway, Belgium, Georgia, Italy, Armenia, Russia, Philippines, Chile, Mexico and South Africa, especially after World War II (1939–45), the Greek Civil War (1946–49) and the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974. After World War I, most Pontian and Anatolian Greeks living in Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) were victims of Muslim Turkish intolerance for Christians in the Ottoman Empire. More than 3.5 million Greeks, Armenians, and Assyrians were killed in the regimes of the Young Turks and Mustafa Kemal, from 1914 to 1923. Greeks in Asia Minor fled to modern Greece, and the Russian Empire (later the USSR) was also a major destination. After the Greek Civil War, many communist Greeks and their families fled to neighboring Yugoslavia, the USSR and the Soviet dominated states of Eastern Europe (especially Czechoslovakia). Hungary founded a village (Beloiannisz) for Greek refugees, and many Greeks were resettled in the former Sudeten German region of northern Czechoslovakia around Krnov (Jägerndorf). Sweden also admitted large numbers of Greeks, and over 17,000 Greek Swedish descendants live in the country. Although many immigrants later returned to Greece, these countries still have a number of first and second generation Greeks who maintain their traditions.

Centers of the Greek diaspora are New York City, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Munich, London, Melbourne, Wellington, Sydney, Auckland, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Johannesburg, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Culiacán, Mexico City, and Buenos Aires. Assimilation and loss of the Greek language influence the definition of the Greek diaspora. To learn more about how factors such as intermarriage and assimilation influence self identification among young Greeks in the diaspora, and to help clarify the estimates of Greeks in the diaspora, the Next Generation Initiative began an academically supervised research study in 2008.

The United States has the largest ethnically Greek population outside Greece. According to the US Department of State, the Greek American community numbers about three million and the vast majority are third or fourth generation immigrants. According to the World Council of Churches, the Ecumenical Patriarchate has a membership of 600,000 in the US and Canada who are still Greek Orthodox; however, many Greeks in both countries have adopted other religions or become secular. The 2010 census recorded about 130,000 Greek Americans, although members of the community dispute its accuracy.

Most Greek Canadians live in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. The 2016 census reported that 271,405 Canadians were Greek by ancestry and 16,715 people were born in Greece.

Greek immigration to Chile began during the 16th century from the island of Crete. Cretan Greeks settled in the Antofagasta Region in the mid 16th century and spread to other locations, such as the Greek colony in Santiago and the cities of San Diego, Valparaíso, Talcahuano, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas.

Australia has one of the world's largest Greek communities. Greek immigration to Australia began during the 19th century, increasing significantly in the 1950s and 1960s. According to the 2016 census, there were 397,431 Greeks and Greek Cypriots (by ancestry) living in Australia and 93,740 Greeks born in Greece or Cyprus. According to Greeks around the Globe, Greek Australians number about 700,000. the Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo (Melkite Greek), the Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Paradisis S. Pauli Graecorum Melkitarum had a 2016 membership of 46,600. The World Council of Churches estimates that the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch has a membership of 90,000 in Latin America, the majority of whom live in Brazil.

About 250 Non Jewish Greeks immigrated to Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine for the service of the Greek Orthodox church in the country between 1850 and 1920, mostly residing in Jerusalem and Nazareth City. About 1,500 2,500 Ethnic Greeks Today, few were able to obtain Greek Citizenship largely due to the refusal of recognition from Greece.

Greeks started to immigrate to Mexico in the late 1800s from mainland and especially the Greek islands and Cyprus. While there was an individual immigration to Mexico, the Mexican government looked to start olive production in the Pacific Coast so thousands were taken to the state of Sinaloa where the Greeks found fortunes in the tomato production instead. Today there are tens of thousands of Greek Mexicans living primarily in Culiacán, Veracruz, and Mexico City as well as surrounding areas and other cities.

+List of countries and territories by Greek population Country/territory Official DataAncestry Official DataGreek Nationality Official DataBorn in Greece Estimates Article United States 1,243,592 (ACS 5Y 2021, Greek ancestry) 121,928 (ACS 5Y 2021, born in Greece) 3,000,0009,785 (ACS 5Y 2021, Cypriot ancestry) 1,150,000322 Ethnic Greeks in the self declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (2006 census) Greek Cypriots Germany449,000 (2021, Greek Migration Background)362,565 (2021, Greek Nationality)289,225 (2021, Foreign born, Greece) 320,000, 370,000348,475 (2016, Greek Nationality), 274,060 (2016, born in Greece), 74,415 (2016, born in Germany) Greeks in Germany Australia424,750 (2021 census, Greek ancestry) 92,314 (2021 census, born in Greece)700,000 58,410 (2021 census, born in Greece)4,335 (2021 census, born in Cyprus) 62,000 (2021, Greek Nationality)14,000 (2021, Cyprus Nationality),25,891 (2011 Census, Greek Cypriot ethnic origin) Sources vary. Between 200,000 and 300,000 ethnic Greeks in Albania. In addition, a large number also reside in Greece, Australia and the United States. The European Council has deemed the 2011 census as corrupt and unreliable. Majority are Greek passport holders/migrants. Greeks in Albania Ukraine 91,548 (2001 census) Greeks in Ukraine Netherlands37,382 (2023, Greek Migration Background)25,138 (2022, Greek Nationality)23,465 (2022, Greek Foreign born, Greece) Greeks in the Netherlands Russia 35,640 (2010 census) Greeks in Russia and Caucasus Greeks South Africa 10,878 (2020, Greece, Migrant Stock), 3,034 (1995, Greece, Migrant Stock)4,069 (1996, Foreign born, Greece) 120,000 (estimate) 120,000 (estimate, 1970) 70,000 (estimate, 1990) 35,000 (estimate, 2022) Greeks in South Africa Sweden 35,193 (2021, Greek Origin) 11,049 (2021, Greek Nationality) 19,931 (2018, Foreign born, Greece) Greeks in Sweden Belgium24,836 (2014, Greek foreign origin and descendants)17,513 (2018, Greek Nationality)17,350 (2018, Foreign born, Greece) Greeks in Belgium Switzerland 17,695 (2021, Greek Nationality) 16,984 (2021, Foreign born, Greece) 8,340, France 7,800 (2016, Greek Nationality)11,100 (2016, Foreign born, Greece) 35,000 – 80,000 Greeks in France Italy7,243 (2021, Greek Nationality) 7,572 (2018, Greek citizens) Greeks in Italy Austria 6,864 (2019, Greek Nationality) 5,000 Greeks in Austria Spain 5,369 (2022, Greek Nationality) 4,422 (2022, Foreign born, Greece) 300, Denmark 4,147 (2022, Greek Ancestry) 3,622 (2022, Greek Nationality) 4,027 (2022, Greek Nationality) 3,599 (2020, Foreign born, Greece) Luxembourg 4,017 (2022, Greek Nationality) 1,571 (2009) Brazil 5,000 – 3,000 50,000 in Sao Paulo Greeks in Brazil Argentina 2,196 (2001, born in Greece) 5,000, 50,000 Greeks in Argentina Chile 8,500 (2012 census) 9,000 12,000 in Santiago and Antofagasta Greeks in Chile Mexico 25,000 Greek Mexicans Venezuela 6,000, 3,000 (Greek born population) Greeks in Venezuela Romania 6,513 (2002 census) 15,000 Greeks in Romania Georgia 15,166 (2002 census) 15,166 Greeks in Georgia and Caucasus Greeks Kazakhstan 4,703 (1999 census) 9,000 Greeks in Kazakhstan Armenia 900 (2011 census) 6,000 Greeks in Armenia and Caucasus Greeks Uzbekistan 5,453 (1989 census) 4,500 Greeks in Uzbekistan Egypt 3,000, 5,000 Hungary 3,916 (2011 census) 4,000 – 10,000 Greeks in Hungary Poland 3,600 (2011 census) Greeks in Poland Bulgaria 3,408 (2001 census) 8,500 Greeks in Bulgaria Czech Republic 3,231 (2001 census) 3,000 Greeks in the Czech Republic Moldova 3,000 Greeks in Moldova Turkey 2,500 3,500 Greeks in Turkey, Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks Ecuador 3,000 999 (2013, Foreign born, Greece) 5,000 Greeks in Lebanon Oman 1,500 Greeks in Zimbabwe Uruguay 1,000, Greeks in Uruguay Syria 8,000 Greeks in Israel Panama 800, 500 Greeks in Finland Serbia 725 (2011 census) 5,000 Greeks in Serbia Republic of North Macedonia 422 (2002 census) Greeks in North Macedonia Turkmenistan 359 (1995 census) Latvia 289 (2011 census) 100 Lithuania 159 (2011 census) 250 Estonia 150 (2001 census) Slovenia 54 (2002 census) Zambia 800 Kyrgyzstan 650–700 Greeks in Kyrgyzstan Malta 500 Greeks in Malta Ethiopia 500 Greeks in Ethiopia Jordan 400, Democratic Republic of the Congo 300 Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Bahamas 300 Tanzania 300 Sudan 250Greeks in Sudan Azerbaijan 250–300Greeks in Azerbaijan Malawi 200 Colombia 200 Kenya 200 Botswana 150 Slovakia 100 Japan 100, Bolivia 100 China 100 Philippines 100 Greeks in the Philippines South Sudan 90Greeks in South Sudan Indonesia 72 Papua New Guinea 70 Ivory Coast 60 Tunisia 50 Central African Republic 40 Cuba 30 Dominican Republic 14 Republic of the Congo 10