Қоңыр тамақ ағашқарғасы

Species of bird

The buff throated woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus guttatus) is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

All subspecies of the buff throated woodcreeper are believed to be year round residents of their respective ranges.

The buff throated woodcreeper's diet is mostly arthropods but also occasionally includes small vertebrates. It usually forages singly and occasionally in pairs; three have been observed together at army ant swarms. It regularly joins mixed species feeding flocks, usually foraging from the forest's mid level to the subcanopy but sometimes lower and higher. It also regularly follows army ant swarms. It hitches up and along trunks and branches, gleaning and pecking for prey on those substrates, on palm fronds, and in dead leaf clusters, epiphytes, dead wood, and arboreal termite nests. It also sometimes flakes bark, and when following ants makes sallies from a perch to glean from the ground and foliage or make mid air captures.

The buff throated woodcreeper's breeding season varies widely across its large range. Northern populations breed during the first half of the year while those further south tend to breed later. The species nests in cavities in dead trees, either natural or made by woodpeckers. Their clutch is one to three eggs (usually two). The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.

All of the buff throated woodcreeper subspecies are quite vocal; during their breeding seasons they sing for long periods at dawn and dusk and occasionally throughout the day. The subspecies, however, differ in their songs. The nominate subspecies sings "te e e e e e e e e, quirt quirt quirt quirt", while X. g. polystictus and X. g. connectens singe a "loud descending whinny of 20–25 notes, 'dui dui kui’kui’kui’kui’kui’kui’ku’u’u’ut, ut'." Populations in western Amazonia sing "a series 3–4 seconds long of melancholy whistles that ascends, levels, then descends and decreases in both volume and speed, 'tep, tep, tep teep twee tweep tweep tweep teep teep tee tee toe toe toe' ". Those in southeastern Amazonia sing "a long, rapid trill that descends, then trails off, 'whe e e e e e e e ew ew ew ew ew ew whoit whoit whoit whoit'." The species' calls do not appear to differ much among the subspecies, and include "a descending series of 3–6 loud whistles, e. g. 'wheeyer, wheep wheep wheep wheep whip', sometimes doubled as 'fee a wip, fee a wip, wip wip'; also [a] piercing whistle described as 'feeyou' or 'pyeeeu'."

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and therefore separately assesses the "buff throated" and "Lefresnaye's" woodcreepers. However, both are assessed as being of Least Concern. They have large to very large ranges. Their population sizes are not known and both are believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats to either have been identified. The nominate subspecies is "largely restricted to scattered fragments of lowland Atlantic Forest, and likely to be moderately to highly sensitive to continued loss of forest." The other two subspecies of the "buff throated" group are considered fairly common to common, and "probably only moderately sensitive to disturbance". The five subspecies of the "Lefresnaye's" group are also considered fairly common to common across most of their range. They are mostly "dependent on intact but not necessarily undisturbed forest, with most populations inhabiting a region with much forest remaining and probably only moderately sensitive to disturbance."