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1969 documentary film about life in Nazi occupied France

The Sorrow and the Pity is a two part 1969 documentary film by Marcel Ophuls about the collaboration between the Vichy government and Nazi Germany during World War II. The film uses interviews with a German officer, collaborators, and resistance fighters from Clermont Ferrand. They comment on the nature of and reasons for collaboration, including antisemitism, Anglophobia, fear of Bolsheviks and Soviet invasion, and the desire for power. The title comes from a comment by interviewee Marcel Verdier, a pharmacist in Montferrat, Isère, who says "the two emotions I experienced the most [during the Nazi occupation] were sorrow and pity".

The film examines the responses of the French people to German occupation and their reasons for tending toward resistance or collaboration, focusing on the Auvergne region and the city of Clermont Ferrand. Events are presented in roughly chronological order, with interviewees appearing throughout both parts of the film. Maurice Chevalier's "Sweepin' the Clouds Away" is used repeatedly during the film. Chevalier was a popular entertainer with the German occupation force and was accused of collaboration even while he claimed to have offered support to the resistance, mirroring the complexities of French reactions to occupation highlighted in the film.

Part one of the film focuses on France's defeat by Germany in 1940, the initial support for armistice and the Pétain government, the beginning of German occupation, and the early stirrings of resistance. Various explanations for France's defeat, capitulation, and acceptance of the Vichy government are offered, with differing opinions depending on the political leanings and class status of the interviewees. Particular attention is given to the German and Vichy use of antisemitism, including discussion of the distribution of the German propaganda film Jud Suss in France (scenes of which are shown). Also included is an extended interview with French Jewish politician and officer Pierre Mendès France about his trial and imprisonment by the Vichy government and later escape. Mendès France was arrested on trumped up charges of desertion after leaving France on the SS Le Masilia, together with fr, Jean Zay, and fr, as they attempted to rejoin their military unit which had moved to Morocco. He eventually escaped from jail to join Charles de Gaulle's forces operating out of England, and later served as prime minister of France for eight months from 1954 to 1955.

Part two focuses on the movement of different factions in France toward more open resistance against or collaboration with the Germans. Partisan actions and underground networks are discussed, as well as increased cooperation with German authorities of the Vichy government under the French prime minister Pierre Laval. Special attention is paid to the de naturalization and deportation of French Jews under Vichy. This part features a long interview with Christian de la Mazière, a French aristocrat who was one of 7,000 French youth to fight on the Eastern Front wearing German uniforms. As de la Mazière explains how his conservative upbringing and fear of communism led to his embrace of Fascism, Ophuls overlays audio of Hitler speaking. Meanwhile, a guide points out items connected to the French royal family as he leads a tour through de la Mazière's chateau. The last segment of part two details the liberation of France and the legacy of resistants and collaborators in France. Footage of French women who associated with German soldiers having their heads shaved is shown, and an interviewee describes how she was accused of denouncing resistance members and then tortured by alleged members before standing trial.

Initially commissioned by French government owned television to create a two part made for TV documentary, The title is drawn from a scene in which a young woman asks her grandfather, a pharmacist, what he felt during the Occupation, and the somber answer is just two stark emotions.

The film "had its world premiere in Germany." The film was shown on French television in 1981 Frederick Busi suggests that this was because of how uncomfortable it is to face the reality of collaborationism. Writing of French conservative establishment groups' reactions to the film, "They, too, preferred that little be said about their role, and in some ways this reluctance is more significant than that of the extremists, since they represent so large a segment of society and mainly dominate contemporary politics." The first DVD release of the film in France came in November 2011.

The candid approach of The Sorrow and the Pity shone a spotlight on antisemitism in France and disputed the idealized collective memory of the nation at large. In 2001, Richard Trank, a documentarian of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, described it as "a film about morality that explores the role of ordinary people". In the United States, Time magazine gave a positive review of the film, and wrote that Marcel Ophuls "tries to puncture the bourgeois myth—or protectively askew memory—that allows France generally to act as if hardly any Frenchmen collaborated with the Germans." Critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, and praised the depth and complexity of its human portraiture, which somehow still manages to avoid any abstraction of collaboration. The Arts Desk (UK) called it simply "the greatest documentary ever made about France during the Second World War". In the United States, the film was nominated for an Academy Award in 1971 for Best Documentary Feature. In the same year, it received a special award by the National Society of Film Critics, "which called it 'a film of extraordinary public interest and distinction'." In the UK, it won the 1972 BAFTA award for Best Foreign TV Programme.

Woody Allen's film Annie Hall (1977) references The Sorrow and the Pity as a plot device. Film critic Donald Liebenson explains: "In one of the film's signature scenes, Alvy Singer (Allen) suggests he and Annie (Diane Keaton) go see the film. 'I'm not in the mood to see a four hour documentary on Nazis,' Annie protests. In the film's poignant conclusion, Alvy runs into Annie as she is taking a date to see the film, which Alvy counts as 'a personal triumph'."